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rU )r a` Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
- Any is compatible with every type.
- Any assumed to have all methods.
- All values assumed to be instances of Any.
Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
or class checks.
)r a Special type indicating functions that never return.
Example::
from typing import NoReturn
def stop() -> NoReturn:
raise Exception('no way')
This type is invalid in other positions, e.g., ``List[NoReturn]``
will fail in static type checkers.
a3 Special type construct to mark class variables.
An annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given
attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and
should not be set on instances of that class. Usage::
class Starship:
stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
damage: int = 10 # instance variable
ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.
Note that ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not
be used with isinstance() or issubclass().
a Special typing construct to indicate final names to type checkers.
A final name cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
For example:
MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
MAX_SIZE += 1 # Error reported by type checker
class Connection:
TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
class FastConnector(Connection):
TIMEOUT = 1 # Error reported by type checker
There is no runtime checking of these properties.
a' Union type; Union[X, Y] means either X or Y.
To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str]. Details:
- The arguments must be types and there must be at least one.
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type(None).
- Unions of unions are flattened, e.g.::
Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
- Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::
Union[int] == int # The constructor actually returns int
- Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::
Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]
- When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::
Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]
- You cannot subclass or instantiate a union.
- You can use Optional[X] as a shorthand for Union[X, None].
zEOptional type.
Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None].
a Special typing form to define literal types (a.k.a. value types).
This form can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding
variable or function parameter has a value equivalent to the provided
literal (or one of several literals):
def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]: # always returns True
...
MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
...
open_helper('/some/path', 'r') # Passes type check
open_helper('/other/path', 'typo') # Error in type checker
Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. At runtime, an arbitrary value
is allowed as type argument to Literal[...], but type checkers may
impose restrictions.
c @ s> e Zd ZdZdZdddZdd Zdd Zd
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c @ s6 e Zd ZdZdZddddddZdd Zd
d ZdS ) r a Type variable.
Usage::
T = TypeVar('T') # Can be anything
A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes) # Must be str or bytes
Type variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type
checkers. They serve as the parameters for generic types as well
as for generic function definitions. See class Generic for more
information on generic types. Generic functions work as follows:
def repeat(x: T, n: int) -> List[T]:
'''Return a list containing n references to x.'''
return [x]*n
def longest(x: A, y: A) -> A:
'''Return the longest of two strings.'''
return x if len(x) >= len(y) else y
The latter example's signature is essentially the overloading
of (str, str) -> str and (bytes, bytes) -> bytes. Also note
that if the arguments are instances of some subclass of str,
the return type is still plain str.
At runtime, isinstance(x, T) and issubclass(C, T) will raise TypeError.
Type variables defined with covariant=True or contravariant=True
can be used to declare covariant or contravariant generic types.
See PEP 484 for more details. By default generic types are invariant
in all type variables.
Type variables can be introspected. e.g.:
T.__name__ == 'T'
T.__constraints__ == ()
T.__covariant__ == False
T.__contravariant__ = False
A.__constraints__ == (str, bytes)
Note that only type variables defined in global scope can be pickled.
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There are two kind of these aliases: user defined and special. The special ones
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this is used by e.g. typing.List and typing.Dict.
TFN)instspecialr c C sz || _ || _|r*|d kr*|j}t||}|| _t|ts@|f}|| _tdd |D | _ t
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t| j}| jshdddd | jD d }nd
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z_GenericAlias.__eq__c C s, | j tkr ttt| jfS t| j | jfS r )rS r r r rs r rZ rZ r[ r s
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issubclassr rg brZ rZ r[ r s z0_GenericAlias.__mro_entries__..r~ rZ )
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rR c s, e Zd ZdZdd Ze fddZ ZS )_VariadicGenericAliaszSame as _GenericAlias above but for variadic aliases. Currently,
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z'_VariadicGenericAlias.__getitem_inner__)rb r^ r_ r r r r r rZ rZ r r[ r s r c s@ e Zd ZdZdZdZ fddZedd Z fdd Z Z
S )
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A generic type is typically declared by inheriting from
this class parameterized with one or more type variables.
For example, a generic mapping type might be defined as::
class Mapping(Generic[KT, VT]):
def __getitem__(self, key: KT) -> VT:
...
# Etc.
This class can then be used as follows::
def lookup_name(mapping: Mapping[KT, VT], key: KT, default: VT) -> VT:
try:
return mapping[key]
except KeyError:
return default
rZ Fc s^ | t tfkr td| j dt jtjkrF| jtjk rFt | }nt j| f||}|S )Nr z< cannot be instantiated; it can be used only as a base class)r r rT rb r r objectr )r{ r r rd r rZ r[ r d s zGeneric.__new__c s t |ts|f}|s.| tk r.td| j dd t fdd|D }| ttfkrtdd |D sxtd| j dt t
|t |krtd| j d n
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c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )r zInternal placeholder for () or []. Used by TupleMeta and CallableMeta
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Nrb r^ r_ r rZ rZ rZ r[ r s r c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )r z(Internal placeholder for ... (ellipsis).Nr% rZ rZ rZ r[ r s r ro r r r$ _is_runtime_protocol__abstractmethods____annotations__r
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This includes names actually defined in the class dictionary, as well
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Nr )r r r( Z_abc_)
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keysr EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTESadd)r{ attrsr# annotationsr rZ rZ r[ _get_protocol_attrs s
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r5 c C s6 zt djd dkW S ttfk
r0 Y dS X dS )zAllow instnance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
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z2_ProtocolMeta.__instancecheck__..) r r4 r r r$ r r1 r r r< r r< r[ r s
z _ProtocolMeta.__instancecheck__)rb r^ r_ r r rZ rZ r r[ r: s r: c s, e Zd ZdZdZdZdZ fddZ ZS )r aZ Base class for protocol classes.
Protocol classes are defined as::
class Proto(Protocol):
def meth(self) -> int:
...
Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
class C:
def meth(self) -> int:
return 0
def func(x: Proto) -> int:
return x.meth()
func(C()) # Passes static type check
See PEP 544 for details. Protocol classes decorated with
@typing.runtime_checkable act as simple-minded runtime protocols that check
only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
def meth(self) -> T:
...
rZ TFc s t j|| jdds2tdd jD _ fdd}d jkrN| _ jsXd S jD ]F}|tt fks^|j
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|t r|js^td| q^t _d S ) Nr$ Fc s s | ]}|t kV qd S r )r r rZ rZ r[ r ) s z-Protocol.__init_subclass__..c s j ddstS t dds0t r(tS tdt sJt rBtS tdt| ts\tdt D ]v}| j
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rn||krnt| trn| jrn qdqnt S qddS ) Nr$ Fr& zLInstance and class checks can only be used with @runtime_checkable protocolsz._proto_hookr) z7Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, got %r)r r r
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zProtocol.__init_subclass__) rb r^ r_ r r r$ r& r r rZ rZ r r[ r s
) metaclassc C s& t | tr| js td| d| _| S )a9 Mark a protocol class as a runtime protocol.
Such protocol can be used with isinstance() and issubclass().
Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.
For example::
@runtime_checkable
class Closable(Protocol):
def close(self): ...
assert isinstance(open('/some/file'), Closable)
Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
not their type signatures!
zB@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes, got %rT)r r r$ rT r& r3 rZ rZ r[ rK d s c C s |S )zCast a value to a type.
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rZ )typr rZ rZ r[ rA } s c
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r" i Y S X |j}|j}|d| }| jpDd}| j}|rXt|ni }|t| }t||d |D ] \}} ||kst | ||< qz|S )z:Internal helper to extract the default arguments, by name.NrZ )
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| dkrt| }|||< qN|S ) a Return type hints for an object.
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are returned as a dictionary. For classes, annotations include also
inherited members.
TypeError is raised if the argument is not of a type that can contain
annotations, and an empty dictionary is returned if no annotations are
present.
BEWARE -- the behavior of globalns and localns is counterintuitive
(unless you are familiar with how eval() and exec() work). The
search order is locals first, then globals.
- If no dict arguments are passed, an attempt is made to use the
globals from obj (or the respective module's globals for classes),
and these are also used as the locals. If the object does not appear
to have globals, an empty dictionary is used.
- If one dict argument is passed, it is used for both globals and
locals.
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__no_type_check__Nr( Fr __wrapped__ __globals__z1{!r} is not a module, class, method, or function.)r rP rO reversedr+ r modulesr^ r
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c C s t | tr| jS | tkr tS dS )a Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final and ClassVar.
Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
get_origin(int) is None
get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
get_origin(Generic) is Generic
get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
N)rP rR rS r )rw rZ rZ r[ rD s
c C sR t | trN| jsN| j}t| tjjkrJ|d tk rJt |dd |d f}|S dS )a Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
Examples::
get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
get_args(int) == ()
get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
r Nr rZ )
rP rR rm rs rD r r r r rr )rw r rZ rZ r[ rC s c C s t | trt| j }| j D ]"\}}|| j| f kr || q | D ](}t |tj r`d|_
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r Y nX | S )aI Decorator to indicate that annotations are not type hints.
The argument must be a class or function; if it is a class, it
applies recursively to all methods and classes defined in that class
(but not to methods defined in its superclasses or subclasses).
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c s t fdd}|S )zDecorator to give another decorator the @no_type_check effect.
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c s | |}t |}|S r )rG )r r r decoratorrZ r[ wrapped_decorator@ s
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Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
function in a row, each decorated with @overload. For example:
@overload
def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
follow it with an implementation. The implementation should *not*
be decorated with @overload. For example:
@overload
def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
@overload
def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
def utf8(value):
# implementation goes here
)r\ )r rZ rZ r[ rJ R s c C s | S )aV A decorator to indicate final methods and final classes.
Use this decorator to indicate to type checkers that the decorated
method cannot be overridden, and decorated class cannot be subclassed.
For example:
class Base:
@final
def done(self) -> None:
...
class Sub(Base):
def done(self) -> None: # Error reported by type checker
...
@final
class Leaf:
...
class Other(Leaf): # Error reported by type checker
...
There is no runtime checking of these properties.
rZ )frZ rZ r[ rB o s TKTVTT_co)r V_coVT_coT_contra)r CT_co)r r c C s t | |d|dS )NT)r r )rR )r r r rZ rZ r[ _alias s rf rZ )r a Callable type; Callable[[int], str] is a function of (int) -> str.
The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two
values: the argument list and the return type. The argument list
must be a list of types or ellipsis; the return type must be a single type.
There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments,
such function types are rarely used as callback types.
F)r r a@ Tuple type; Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.
Example: Tuple[T1, T2] is a tuple of two elements corresponding
to type variables T1 and T2. Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple
of an int, a float and a string.
To specify a variable-length tuple of homogeneous type, use Tuple[T, ...].
)r a A special construct usable to annotate class objects.
For example, suppose we have the following classes::
class User: ... # Abstract base for User classes
class BasicUser(User): ...
class ProUser(User): ...
class TeamUser(User): ...
And a function that takes a class argument that's a subclass of
User and returns an instance of the corresponding class::
U = TypeVar('U', bound=User)
def new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
user = user_class()
# (Here we could write the user object to a database)
return user
joe = new_user(BasicUser)
At this point the type checker knows that joe has type BasicUser.
c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r2 z(An ABC with one abstract method __int__.rZ returnc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __int__ s zSupportsInt.__int__N)rb r^ r_ r r r intri rZ rZ rZ r[ r2 s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r0 z*An ABC with one abstract method __float__.rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __float__ s zSupportsFloat.__float__N)rb r^ r_ r r r floatrk rZ rZ rZ r[ r0 s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r/ z,An ABC with one abstract method __complex__.rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __complex__
s zSupportsComplex.__complex__N)rb r^ r_ r r r complexrm rZ rZ rZ r[ r/ s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r. z*An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__.rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __bytes__ s zSupportsBytes.__bytes__N)rb r^ r_ r r r bytesro rZ rZ rZ r[ r. s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r1 z*An ABC with one abstract method __index__.rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __index__ s zSupportsIndex.__index__N)rb r^ r_ r r r rj rq rZ rZ rZ r[ r1 s c @ s& e Zd ZdZdZeedddZdS )r- zMAn ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type.rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __abs__( s zSupportsAbs.__abs__N)rb r^ r_ r r r ra rr rZ rZ rZ r[ r- # s c @ s* e Zd ZdZdZedeedddZdS ) r3 zOAn ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type.rZ r )ndigitsrh c C s d S r rZ )r rs rZ rZ r[ __round__2 s zSupportsRound.__round__N)r ) rb r^ r_ r r r rj ra rt rZ rZ rZ r[ r3 - s c st d fdd|D }t | dd |D }t| |_|_ztdjdd|_ W n t
t fk
rn Y nX |S )NzDNamedTuple('Name', [(f0, t0), (f1, t1), ...]); each t must be a typec s g | ]\}}|t | fqS rZ r rg nrh r rZ r[ rk 9 s z!_make_nmtuple..c S s g | ] \}}|qS rZ rZ ru rZ rZ r[ rk : s r rb r ) r
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_make_nmtuple7 s rz ) r r r __getnewargs___fields_field_defaultsrx _make_replace_asdictZ_source)r^ rb r( c s e Zd Z fddZ ZS )NamedTupleMetac s | ddr t | |||S | di }t|| }g }i }|D ]H}||krl|| } || | ||< qD|rDtdj|d| dqDt
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zNamedTupleMeta.__new__)rb r^ r_ r r rZ rZ r r[ r M s r c @ s" e Zd ZdZdZdd Zde_dS )r= a Typed version of namedtuple.
Usage in Python versions >= 3.6::
class Employee(NamedTuple):
name: str
id: int
This is equivalent to::
Employee = collections.namedtuple('Employee', ['name', 'id'])
The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
dict that maps field names to types. (The field names are also in
the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
Alternative equivalent keyword syntax is also accepted::
Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', name=str, id=int)
In Python versions <= 3.5 use::
Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
Tc O s | s t d| ^}} | r"| ^}} n4d|krN|d}dd l}|jdtdd nt d| rz
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r t dt| d d d Y qX n r r( z?TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a typec s i | ]\}}|t | qS rZ r )rg rv rw r rZ r[
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r( r; r )r{ r r r r Ztp_dictZannsr# r r r[ r s
z_TypedDictMeta.__new__)T)rb r^ r_ r r r r r rZ rZ r r[ r s r c @ s e Zd ZdZdS )r> a A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
TypedDict creates a dictionary type that expects all of its
instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
is not checked at runtime but is only enforced by type checkers.
Usage::
class Point2D(TypedDict):
x: int
y: int
label: str
a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'} # OK
b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'} # Fails type check
assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
The type info can be accessed via Point2D.__annotations__. TypedDict
supports two additional equivalent forms::
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
to override this by specifying totality.
Usage::
class point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
x: int
y: int
This means that a point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted.A type
checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
class body be required.
The class syntax is only supported in Python 3.6+, while two other
syntax forms work for Python 2.7 and 3.2+
Nr% rZ rZ rZ r[ r> s c C s dd }| |_ ||_|S )a% NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
a dummy function that simply returns its argument. Usage::
UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
...
UserId('user') # Fails type check
name_by_id(42) # Fails type check
name_by_id(UserId(42)) # OK
num = UserId(5) + 1 # type: int
c S s | S r rZ )xrZ rZ r[ new_type s zNewType..new_type)rb Z
__supertype__)r rw r rZ rZ r[ rF s c @ s e Zd ZdZdZeeedddZeeedddZ eddd d
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d,d-d.Z eee dd/d0d1Z ed2dd3d4Z eddd5d6Z dS )<IOa Generic base class for TextIO and BinaryIO.
This is an abstract, generic version of the return of open().
NOTE: This does not distinguish between the different possible
classes (text vs. binary, read vs. write vs. read/write,
append-only, unbuffered). The TextIO and BinaryIO subclasses
below capture the distinctions between text vs. binary, which is
pervasive in the interface; however we currently do not offer a
way to track the other distinctions in the type system.
rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ mode= s zIO.modec C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ r B s zIO.nameNc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ closeG s zIO.closec C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ closedK s z IO.closedc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ filenoP s z IO.filenoc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ flushT s zIO.flushc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ isattyX s z IO.isattyr )rv rh c C s d S r rZ )r rv rZ rZ r[ read\ s zIO.readc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ readable` s z IO.readable)limitrh c C s d S r rZ )r r rZ rZ r[ readlined s z IO.readline)hintrh c C s d S r rZ )r r rZ rZ r[ readlinesh s z IO.readlinesr )offsetwhencerh c C s d S r rZ )r r r rZ rZ r[ seekl s zIO.seekc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ seekablep s z IO.seekablec C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ tellt s zIO.tell)sizerh c C s d S r rZ )r r rZ rZ r[ truncatex s z IO.truncatec C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ writable| s z IO.writablesrh c C s d S r rZ r r rZ rZ r[ write s zIO.write)linesrh c C s d S r rZ )r r rZ rZ r[
writelines s z
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IO[AnyStr]c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ __enter__ s z IO.__enter__c C s d S r rZ )r rO rI tracebackrZ rZ r[ __exit__ s z IO.__exit__)r )r )r )r )N) rb r^ r_ r r propertyr rQ r r r r r rj r r r r@ r r r r9 r r r r r r r r r r rZ rZ rZ r[ r . sZ r c @ sB e Zd ZdZdZeeeef e dddZ
ed dddZ d S )
BinaryIOz5Typed version of the return of open() in binary mode.rZ r c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ r s zBinaryIO.writerg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ r s zBinaryIO.__enter__N) rb r^ r_ r r r r rp bytearrayrj r r rZ rZ rZ r[ r s r c @ s e Zd ZdZdZeeedddZeee dddZ
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Zed dddZdS )TextIOz3Typed version of the return of open() in text mode.rZ rg c C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ buffer s z
TextIO.bufferc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ encoding s zTextIO.encodingc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ errors s z
TextIO.errorsc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ line_buffering s zTextIO.line_bufferingc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ newlines s zTextIO.newlinesc C s d S r rZ r rZ rZ r[ r s zTextIO.__enter__N)rb r^ r_ r r r r r r rQ r r r r r r r r rZ rZ rZ r[ r s& r c @ s& e Zd ZdZdddgZeZeZeZdS )ioz)Wrapper namespace for IO generic classes.r r r N)rb r^ r_ r __all__r r r rZ rZ rZ r[ r s
r z.ioc @ s e Zd ZdZddgZeZeZdS )rez&Wrapper namespace for re type aliases.PatternMatchN)rb r^ r_ r r r r rZ rZ rZ r[ r s r z.re)T)NN)T)N)r r r r r Zcollections.abcr9 r r r Z stdlib_rer r` r r r r r\ re rq ru r} r r r r r r rU r rI r r
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r r r r rR r r r r Z_TYPING_INTERNALSZ_SPECIAL_NAMESr- r1 r4 r5 r6 r? r: r rK rA rJ ra BuiltinFunctionType
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