FM / library

/usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/_sources/library/

/usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/_sources/library

Name	Size	Mode	Actions
2to3.rst.txt	14647	0644	edit dl rm
abc.rst.txt	7219	0644	edit dl rm
aepack.rst.txt	4257	0644	edit dl rm
aetools.rst.txt	3532	0644	edit dl rm
aetypes.rst.txt	4257	0644	edit dl rm
aifc.rst.txt	7086	0644	edit dl rm
al.rst.txt	5309	0644	edit dl rm
allos.rst.txt	695	0644	edit dl rm
anydbm.rst.txt	4111	0644	edit dl rm
archiving.rst.txt	424	0644	edit dl rm
argparse.rst.txt	74685	0644	edit dl rm
array.rst.txt	10524	0644	edit dl rm
ast.rst.txt	10111	0644	edit dl rm
asynchat.rst.txt	9206	0644	edit dl rm
asyncore.rst.txt	12937	0644	edit dl rm
atexit.rst.txt	3910	0644	edit dl rm
audioop.rst.txt	10395	0644	edit dl rm
autogil.rst.txt	1015	0644	edit dl rm
base64.rst.txt	6252	0644	edit dl rm
basehttpserver.rst.txt	10404	0644	edit dl rm
bastion.rst.txt	2611	0644	edit dl rm
bdb.rst.txt	12456	0644	edit dl rm
binascii.rst.txt	6508	0644	edit dl rm
binhex.rst.txt	1910	0644	edit dl rm
bisect.rst.txt	5415	0644	edit dl rm
bsddb.rst.txt	7575	0644	edit dl rm
bz2.rst.txt	8064	0644	edit dl rm
calendar.rst.txt	11282	0644	edit dl rm
carbon.rst.txt	15956	0644	edit dl rm
cd.rst.txt	11974	0644	edit dl rm
cgi.rst.txt	22853	0644	edit dl rm
cgihttpserver.rst.txt	2788	0644	edit dl rm
cgitb.rst.txt	2874	0644	edit dl rm
chunk.rst.txt	4955	0644	edit dl rm
cmath.rst.txt	7647	0644	edit dl rm
cmd.rst.txt	8565	0644	edit dl rm
code.rst.txt	7115	0644	edit dl rm
codecs.rst.txt	66966	0644	edit dl rm
codeop.rst.txt	3774	0644	edit dl rm
collections.rst.txt	41448	0644	edit dl rm
colorpicker.rst.txt	913	0644	edit dl rm
colorsys.rst.txt	1819	0644	edit dl rm
commands.rst.txt	2595	0644	edit dl rm
compileall.rst.txt	4678	0644	edit dl rm
compiler.rst.txt	37464	0644	edit dl rm
configparser.rst.txt	19607	0644	edit dl rm
constants.rst.txt	2328	0644	edit dl rm
contextlib.rst.txt	6012	0644	edit dl rm
cookie.rst.txt	9543	0644	edit dl rm
cookielib.rst.txt	27875	0644	edit dl rm
copy.rst.txt	3351	0644	edit dl rm
copy_reg.rst.txt	2329	0644	edit dl rm
crypt.rst.txt	2292	0644	edit dl rm
crypto.rst.txt	355	0644	edit dl rm
csv.rst.txt	22757	0644	edit dl rm
ctypes.rst.txt	90513	0644	edit dl rm
curses.ascii.rst.txt	9046	0644	edit dl rm
curses.panel.rst.txt	2740	0644	edit dl rm
curses.rst.txt	74877	0644	edit dl rm
custominterp.rst.txt	570	0644	edit dl rm
datatypes.rst.txt	864	0644	edit dl rm
datetime.rst.txt	74679	0644	edit dl rm
dbhash.rst.txt	3865	0644	edit dl rm
dbm.rst.txt	3117	0644	edit dl rm
debug.rst.txt	446	0644	edit dl rm
decimal.rst.txt	70926	0644	edit dl rm
development.rst.txt	640	0644	edit dl rm
difflib.rst.txt	30716	0644	edit dl rm
dircache.rst.txt	1813	0644	edit dl rm
dis.rst.txt	23248	0644	edit dl rm
distribution.rst.txt	426	0644	edit dl rm
distutils.rst.txt	1958	0644	edit dl rm
dl.rst.txt	3392	0644	edit dl rm
doctest.rst.txt	73985	0644	edit dl rm
docxmlrpcserver.rst.txt	3802	0644	edit dl rm
dumbdbm.rst.txt	2841	0644	edit dl rm
dummy_thread.rst.txt	1058	0644	edit dl rm
dummy_threading.rst.txt	799	0644	edit dl rm
easydialogs.rst.txt	10346	0644	edit dl rm
email-examples.rst.txt	1271	0644	edit dl rm
email.charset.rst.txt	9654	0644	edit dl rm
email.encoders.rst.txt	2376	0644	edit dl rm
email.errors.rst.txt	4006	0644	edit dl rm
email.generator.rst.txt	6132	0644	edit dl rm
email.header.rst.txt	7531	0644	edit dl rm
email.iterators.rst.txt	2421	0644	edit dl rm
email.message.rst.txt	25217	0644	edit dl rm
email.mime.rst.txt	9917	0644	edit dl rm
email.parser.rst.txt	10327	0644	edit dl rm
email.rst.txt	16111	0644	edit dl rm
email.utils.rst.txt	6475	0644	edit dl rm
ensurepip.rst.txt	5022	0644	edit dl rm
errno.rst.txt	6708	0644	edit dl rm
exceptions.rst.txt	18343	0644	edit dl rm
fcntl.rst.txt	7361	0644	edit dl rm
filecmp.rst.txt	5348	0644	edit dl rm
fileformats.rst.txt	302	0644	edit dl rm
fileinput.rst.txt	7417	0644	edit dl rm
filesys.rst.txt	806	0644	edit dl rm
fl.rst.txt	17646	0644	edit dl rm
fm.rst.txt	2699	0644	edit dl rm
fnmatch.rst.txt	3104	0644	edit dl rm
formatter.rst.txt	13245	0644	edit dl rm
fpectl.rst.txt	4171	0644	edit dl rm
fpformat.rst.txt	1747	0644	edit dl rm
fractions.rst.txt	5297	0644	edit dl rm
framework.rst.txt	11444	0644	edit dl rm
frameworks.rst.txt	378	0644	edit dl rm
ftplib.rst.txt	15720	0644	edit dl rm
functions.rst.txt	75554	0644	edit dl rm
functools.rst.txt	7448	0644	edit dl rm
future_builtins.rst.txt	2010	0644	edit dl rm
gc.rst.txt	9014	0644	edit dl rm
gdbm.rst.txt	4882	0644	edit dl rm
gensuitemodule.rst.txt	3113	0644	edit dl rm
getopt.rst.txt	6670	0644	edit dl rm
getpass.rst.txt	1876	0644	edit dl rm
gettext.rst.txt	29040	0644	edit dl rm
gl.rst.txt	6009	0644	edit dl rm
glob.rst.txt	2414	0644	edit dl rm
grp.rst.txt	2256	0644	edit dl rm
gzip.rst.txt	4828	0644	edit dl rm
hashlib.rst.txt	7379	0644	edit dl rm
heapq.rst.txt	13185	0644	edit dl rm
hmac.rst.txt	3073	0644	edit dl rm
hotshot.rst.txt	4289	0644	edit dl rm
htmllib.rst.txt	7379	0644	edit dl rm
htmlparser.rst.txt	11640	0644	edit dl rm
httplib.rst.txt	37454	0644	edit dl rm
i18n.rst.txt	409	0644	edit dl rm
ic.rst.txt	5005	0644	edit dl rm
idle.rst.txt	22182	0644	edit dl rm
imageop.rst.txt	4001	0644	edit dl rm
imaplib.rst.txt	17221	0644	edit dl rm
imgfile.rst.txt	2765	0644	edit dl rm
imghdr.rst.txt	2635	0644	edit dl rm
imp.rst.txt	12593	0644	edit dl rm
importlib.rst.txt	1126	0644	edit dl rm
imputil.rst.txt	7023	0644	edit dl rm
index.rst.txt	2287	0644	edit dl rm
inspect.rst.txt	28151	0644	edit dl rm
internet.rst.txt	950	0644	edit dl rm
intro.rst.txt	2803	0644	edit dl rm
io.rst.txt	39015	0644	edit dl rm
ipc.rst.txt	630	0644	edit dl rm
itertools.rst.txt	36324	0644	edit dl rm
jpeg.rst.txt	3858	0644	edit dl rm
json.rst.txt	25545	0644	edit dl rm
keyword.rst.txt	617	0644	edit dl rm
language.rst.txt	523	0644	edit dl rm
linecache.rst.txt	1887	0644	edit dl rm
locale.rst.txt	24975	0644	edit dl rm
logging.config.rst.txt	31560	0644	edit dl rm
logging.handlers.rst.txt	28153	0644	edit dl rm
logging.rst.txt	46882	0644	edit dl rm
mac.rst.txt	791	0644	edit dl rm
macos.rst.txt	3824	0644	edit dl rm
macosa.rst.txt	3964	0644	edit dl rm
macostools.rst.txt	4017	0644	edit dl rm
macpath.rst.txt	650	0644	edit dl rm
mailbox.rst.txt	68129	0644	edit dl rm
mailcap.rst.txt	3675	0644	edit dl rm
markup.rst.txt	1249	0644	edit dl rm
marshal.rst.txt	5689	0644	edit dl rm
math.rst.txt	10920	0644	edit dl rm
md5.rst.txt	2815	0644	edit dl rm
mhlib.rst.txt	3966	0644	edit dl rm
mimetools.rst.txt	4504	0644	edit dl rm
mimetypes.rst.txt	9839	0644	edit dl rm
mimewriter.rst.txt	3360	0644	edit dl rm
mimify.rst.txt	3519	0644	edit dl rm
miniaeframe.rst.txt	2564	0644	edit dl rm
misc.rst.txt	248	0644	edit dl rm
mm.rst.txt	447	0644	edit dl rm
mmap.rst.txt	10481	0644	edit dl rm
modulefinder.rst.txt	3380	0644	edit dl rm
modules.rst.txt	382	0644	edit dl rm
msilib.rst.txt	19062	0644	edit dl rm
msvcrt.rst.txt	4346	0644	edit dl rm
multifile.rst.txt	6613	0644	edit dl rm
multiprocessing.rst.txt	92621	0644	edit dl rm
mutex.rst.txt	1939	0644	edit dl rm
netdata.rst.txt	432	0644	edit dl rm
netrc.rst.txt	3119	0644	edit dl rm
new.rst.txt	2653	0644	edit dl rm
nis.rst.txt	2108	0644	edit dl rm
nntplib.rst.txt	14531	0644	edit dl rm
numbers.rst.txt	8007	0644	edit dl rm
numeric.rst.txt	751	0644	edit dl rm
operator.rst.txt	22092	0644	edit dl rm
optparse.rst.txt	77101	0644	edit dl rm
os.path.rst.txt	13094	0644	edit dl rm
os.rst.txt	82580	0644	edit dl rm
ossaudiodev.rst.txt	17309	0644	edit dl rm
othergui.rst.txt	2721	0644	edit dl rm
parser.rst.txt	15385	0644	edit dl rm
pdb.rst.txt	16043	0644	edit dl rm
persistence.rst.txt	826	0644	edit dl rm
pickle.rst.txt	37262	0644	edit dl rm
pickletools.rst.txt	1997	0644	edit dl rm
pipes.rst.txt	3786	0644	edit dl rm
pkgutil.rst.txt	7714	0644	edit dl rm
platform.rst.txt	9554	0644	edit dl rm
plistlib.rst.txt	4134	0644	edit dl rm
popen2.rst.txt	7022	0644	edit dl rm
poplib.rst.txt	6220	0644	edit dl rm
posix.rst.txt	3630	0644	edit dl rm
posixfile.rst.txt	7200	0644	edit dl rm
pprint.rst.txt	9071	0644	edit dl rm
profile.rst.txt	28666	0644	edit dl rm
pty.rst.txt	1762	0644	edit dl rm
pwd.rst.txt	2725	0644	edit dl rm
pyclbr.rst.txt	3296	0644	edit dl rm
pydoc.rst.txt	4083	0644	edit dl rm
pyexpat.rst.txt	28891	0644	edit dl rm
python.rst.txt	514	0644	edit dl rm
py_compile.rst.txt	2479	0644	edit dl rm
queue.rst.txt	7034	0644	edit dl rm
quopri.rst.txt	2670	0644	edit dl rm
random.rst.txt	13319	0644	edit dl rm
re.rst.txt	55102	0644	edit dl rm
readline.rst.txt	10513	0644	edit dl rm
repr.rst.txt	4718	0644	edit dl rm
resource.rst.txt	9595	0644	edit dl rm
restricted.rst.txt	3327	0644	edit dl rm
rexec.rst.txt	11742	0644	edit dl rm
rfc822.rst.txt	14037	0644	edit dl rm
rlcompleter.rst.txt	2494	0644	edit dl rm
robotparser.rst.txt	2190	0644	edit dl rm
runpy.rst.txt	6938	0644	edit dl rm
sched.rst.txt	4644	0644	edit dl rm
scrolledtext.rst.txt	1379	0644	edit dl rm
select.rst.txt	20705	0644	edit dl rm
sets.rst.txt	14973	0644	edit dl rm
sgi.rst.txt	322	0644	edit dl rm
sgmllib.rst.txt	10664	0644	edit dl rm
sha.rst.txt	2807	0644	edit dl rm
shelve.rst.txt	8319	0644	edit dl rm
shlex.rst.txt	11313	0644	edit dl rm
shutil.rst.txt	13491	0644	edit dl rm
signal.rst.txt	10719	0644	edit dl rm
simplehttpserver.rst.txt	4559	0644	edit dl rm
simplexmlrpcserver.rst.txt	10881	0644	edit dl rm
site.rst.txt	7880	0644	edit dl rm
smtpd.rst.txt	2464	0644	edit dl rm
smtplib.rst.txt	14906	0644	edit dl rm
sndhdr.rst.txt	1759	0644	edit dl rm
socket.rst.txt	40765	0644	edit dl rm
socketserver.rst.txt	22512	0644	edit dl rm
someos.rst.txt	599	0644	edit dl rm
spwd.rst.txt	2825	0644	edit dl rm
sqlite3.rst.txt	35448	0644	edit dl rm
ssl.rst.txt	76554	0644	edit dl rm
stat.rst.txt	7778	0644	edit dl rm
statvfs.rst.txt	1300	0644	edit dl rm
stdtypes.rst.txt	122668	0644	edit dl rm
string.rst.txt	44085	0644	edit dl rm
stringio.rst.txt	4166	0644	edit dl rm
stringprep.rst.txt	4238	0644	edit dl rm
strings.rst.txt	746	0644	edit dl rm
struct.rst.txt	17100	0644	edit dl rm
subprocess.rst.txt	33648	0644	edit dl rm
sun.rst.txt	249	0644	edit dl rm
sunau.rst.txt	7124	0644	edit dl rm
sunaudio.rst.txt	5849	0644	edit dl rm
symbol.rst.txt	975	0644	edit dl rm
symtable.rst.txt	5064	0644	edit dl rm
sys.rst.txt	47520	0644	edit dl rm
sysconfig.rst.txt	7639	0644	edit dl rm
syslog.rst.txt	3931	0644	edit dl rm
tabnanny.rst.txt	1999	0644	edit dl rm
tarfile.rst.txt	28214	0644	edit dl rm
telnetlib.rst.txt	7482	0644	edit dl rm
tempfile.rst.txt	10504	0644	edit dl rm
termios.rst.txt	3733	0644	edit dl rm
test.rst.txt	17659	0644	edit dl rm
textwrap.rst.txt	8552	0644	edit dl rm
thread.rst.txt	6588	0644	edit dl rm
threading.rst.txt	32468	0644	edit dl rm
time.rst.txt	26020	0644	edit dl rm
timeit.rst.txt	11598	0644	edit dl rm
tix.rst.txt	22693	0644	edit dl rm
tk.rst.txt	1612	0644	edit dl rm
tkinter.rst.txt	33456	0644	edit dl rm
token.rst.txt	2451	0644	edit dl rm
tokenize.rst.txt	5570	0644	edit dl rm
trace.rst.txt	6724	0644	edit dl rm
traceback.rst.txt	10711	0644	edit dl rm
ttk.rst.txt	57411	0644	edit dl rm
tty.rst.txt	1011	0644	edit dl rm
turtle.rst.txt	64097	0644	edit dl rm
types.rst.txt	6200	0644	edit dl rm
undoc.rst.txt	6550	0644	edit dl rm
unicodedata.rst.txt	5736	0644	edit dl rm
unittest.rst.txt	82952	0644	edit dl rm
unix.rst.txt	490	0644	edit dl rm
urllib.rst.txt	24960	0644	edit dl rm
urllib2.rst.txt	35211	0644	edit dl rm
urlparse.rst.txt	16071	0644	edit dl rm
user.rst.txt	2748	0644	edit dl rm
userdict.rst.txt	9290	0644	edit dl rm
uu.rst.txt	2369	0644	edit dl rm
uuid.rst.txt	8378	0644	edit dl rm
warnings.rst.txt	19815	0644	edit dl rm
wave.rst.txt	5047	0644	edit dl rm
weakref.rst.txt	12926	0644	edit dl rm
webbrowser.rst.txt	9863	0644	edit dl rm
whichdb.rst.txt	931	0644	edit dl rm
windows.rst.txt	273	0644	edit dl rm
winsound.rst.txt	5066	0644	edit dl rm
wsgiref.rst.txt	30567	0644	edit dl rm
xdrlib.rst.txt	8077	0644	edit dl rm
xml.dom.minidom.rst.txt	11208	0644	edit dl rm
xml.dom.pulldom.rst.txt	1571	0644	edit dl rm
xml.dom.rst.txt	40182	0644	edit dl rm
xml.etree.elementtree.rst.txt	35707	0644	edit dl rm
xml.rst.txt	6090	0644	edit dl rm
xml.sax.handler.rst.txt	15371	0644	edit dl rm
xml.sax.reader.rst.txt	12257	0644	edit dl rm
xml.sax.rst.txt	6460	0644	edit dl rm
xml.sax.utils.rst.txt	3560	0644	edit dl rm
xmlrpclib.rst.txt	22559	0644	edit dl rm
zipfile.rst.txt	18871	0644	edit dl rm
zipimport.rst.txt	5957	0644	edit dl rm
zlib.rst.txt	12766	0644	edit dl rm
_winreg.rst.txt	23305	0644	edit dl rm
__builtin__.rst.txt	1494	0644	edit dl rm
__future__.rst.txt	4952	0644	edit dl rm
__main__.rst.txt	535	0644	edit dl rm

Edit: /usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/_sources/library/xml.etree.elementtree.rst.txt (35707B)

:mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` --- The ElementTree XML API
========================================================

.. module:: xml.etree.ElementTree
 :synopsis: Implementation of the ElementTree API.
.. moduleauthor:: Fredrik Lundh <fredrik@pythonware.com>

.. versionadded:: 2.5

**Source code:** :source:`Lib/xml/etree/ElementTree.py`

--------------

The :class:`Element` type is a flexible container object, designed to store
hierarchical data structures in memory.  The type can be described as a cross
between a list and a dictionary.

.. warning::

The :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` module is not secure against
   maliciously constructed data.  If you need to parse untrusted or
   unauthenticated data see :ref:`xml-vulnerabilities`.

Each element has a number of properties associated with it:

* a tag which is a string identifying what kind of data this element represents
  (the element type, in other words).

* a number of attributes, stored in a Python dictionary.

* a text string.

* an optional tail string.

* a number of child elements, stored in a Python sequence

To create an element instance, use the :class:`Element` constructor or the
:func:`SubElement` factory function.

The :class:`ElementTree` class can be used to wrap an element structure, and
convert it from and to XML.

A C implementation of this API is available as :mod:`xml.etree.cElementTree`.

See http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm for tutorials and links to other
docs.  Fredrik Lundh's page is also the location of the development version of
the xml.etree.ElementTree.

.. versionchanged:: 2.7
 The ElementTree API is updated to 1.3. For more information, see
 `Introducing ElementTree 1.3
 <http://effbot.org/zone/elementtree-13-intro.htm>`_.

Tutorial
--------

This is a short tutorial for using :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` (``ET`` in
short).  The goal is to demonstrate some of the building blocks and basic
concepts of the module.

XML tree and elements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

XML is an inherently hierarchical data format, and the most natural way to
represent it is with a tree.  ``ET`` has two classes for this purpose -
:class:`ElementTree` represents the whole XML document as a tree, and
:class:`Element` represents a single node in this tree.  Interactions with
the whole document (reading and writing to/from files) are usually done
on the :class:`ElementTree` level.  Interactions with a single XML element
and its sub-elements are done on the :class:`Element` level.

.. _elementtree-parsing-xml:

Parsing XML
^^^^^^^^^^^

We'll be using the following XML document as the sample data for this section:

.. code-block:: xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
 <data>
 <country name="Liechtenstein">
 <rank>1</rank>
 <year>2008</year>
 <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
 <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
 <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
 </country>
 <country name="Singapore">
 <rank>4</rank>
 <year>2011</year>
 <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
 <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
 </country>
 <country name="Panama">
 <rank>68</rank>
 <year>2011</year>
 <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
 <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
 <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
 </country>
 </data>

We have a number of ways to import the data.  Reading the file from disk::

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
   tree = ET.parse('country_data.xml')
   root = tree.getroot()

Reading the data from a string::

root = ET.fromstring(country_data_as_string)

:func:`fromstring` parses XML from a string directly into an :class:`Element`,
which is the root element of the parsed tree.  Other parsing functions may
create an :class:`ElementTree`.  Check the documentation to be sure.

As an :class:`Element`, ``root`` has a tag and a dictionary of attributes::

>>> root.tag
   'data'
   >>> root.attrib
   {}

It also has children nodes over which we can iterate::

>>> for child in root:
   ...     print child.tag, child.attrib
   ...
   country {'name': 'Liechtenstein'}
   country {'name': 'Singapore'}
   country {'name': 'Panama'}

Children are nested, and we can access specific child nodes by index::

>>> root[0][1].text
   '2008'

Finding interesting elements
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:class:`Element` has some useful methods that help iterate recursively over all
the sub-tree below it (its children, their children, and so on).  For example,
:meth:`Element.iter`::

>>> for neighbor in root.iter('neighbor'):
   ...     print neighbor.attrib
   ...
   {'name': 'Austria', 'direction': 'E'}
   {'name': 'Switzerland', 'direction': 'W'}
   {'name': 'Malaysia', 'direction': 'N'}
   {'name': 'Costa Rica', 'direction': 'W'}
   {'name': 'Colombia', 'direction': 'E'}

:meth:`Element.findall` finds only elements with a tag which are direct
children of the current element.  :meth:`Element.find` finds the *first* child
with a particular tag, and :attr:`Element.text` accesses the element's text
content.  :meth:`Element.get` accesses the element's attributes::

>>> for country in root.findall('country'):
   ...     rank = country.find('rank').text
   ...     name = country.get('name')
   ...     print name, rank
   ...
   Liechtenstein 1
   Singapore 4
   Panama 68

More sophisticated specification of which elements to look for is possible by
using :ref:`XPath <elementtree-xpath>`.

Modifying an XML File
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

:class:`ElementTree` provides a simple way to build XML documents and write them to files.
The :meth:`ElementTree.write` method serves this purpose.

Once created, an :class:`Element` object may be manipulated by directly changing
its fields (such as :attr:`Element.text`), adding and modifying attributes
(:meth:`Element.set` method), as well as adding new children (for example
with :meth:`Element.append`).

Let's say we want to add one to each country's rank, and add an ``updated``
attribute to the rank element::

>>> for rank in root.iter('rank'):
   ...     new_rank = int(rank.text) + 1
   ...     rank.text = str(new_rank)
   ...     rank.set('updated', 'yes')
   ...
   >>> tree.write('output.xml')

Our XML now looks like this:

.. code-block:: xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
 <data>
 <country name="Liechtenstein">
 <rank updated="yes">2</rank>
 <year>2008</year>
 <gdppc>141100</gdppc>
 <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
 <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
 </country>
 <country name="Singapore">
 <rank updated="yes">5</rank>
 <year>2011</year>
 <gdppc>59900</gdppc>
 <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
 </country>
 <country name="Panama">
 <rank updated="yes">69</rank>
 <year>2011</year>
 <gdppc>13600</gdppc>
 <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
 <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
 </country>
 </data>

We can remove elements using :meth:`Element.remove`.  Let's say we want to
remove all countries with a rank higher than 50::

>>> for country in root.findall('country'):
   ...     rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
   ...     if rank > 50:
   ...         root.remove(country)
   ...
   >>> tree.write('output.xml')

Our XML now looks like this:

.. code-block:: xml

Building XML documents
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The :func:`SubElement` function also provides a convenient way to create new
sub-elements for a given element::

>>> a = ET.Element('a')
 >>> b = ET.SubElement(a, 'b')
 >>> c = ET.SubElement(a, 'c')
 >>> d = ET.SubElement(c, 'd')
 >>> ET.dump(a)
 <a><c><d /></c></a>

Parsing XML with Namespaces
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

If the XML input has `namespaces
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_namespace>`__, tags and attributes
with prefixes in the form ``prefix:sometag`` get expanded to
``{uri}sometag`` where the *prefix* is replaced by the full *URI*.
Also, if there is a `default namespace
<https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#defaulting>`__,
that full URI gets prepended to all of the non-prefixed tags.

Here is an XML example that incorporates two namespaces, one with the
prefix "fictional" and the other serving as the default namespace:

.. code-block:: xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
 <actors xmlns:fictional="http://characters.example.com"
 xmlns="http://people.example.com">
 <actor>
 <name>John Cleese</name>
 <fictional:character>Lancelot</fictional:character>
 <fictional:character>Archie Leach</fictional:character>
 </actor>
 <actor>
 <name>Eric Idle</name>
 <fictional:character>Sir Robin</fictional:character>
 <fictional:character>Gunther</fictional:character>
 <fictional:character>Commander Clement</fictional:character>
 </actor>
 </actors>

One way to search and explore this XML example is to manually add the
URI to every tag or attribute in the xpath of a
:meth:`~Element.find` or :meth:`~Element.findall`::

root = fromstring(xml_text)
    for actor in root.findall('{http://people.example.com}actor'):
        name = actor.find('{http://people.example.com}name')
        print name.text
        for char in actor.findall('{http://characters.example.com}character'):
            print ' |-->', char.text

A better way to search the namespaced XML example is to create a
dictionary with your own prefixes and use those in the search functions::

ns = {'real_person': 'http://people.example.com',
          'role': 'http://characters.example.com'}

for actor in root.findall('real_person:actor', ns):
        name = actor.find('real_person:name', ns)
        print name.text
        for char in actor.findall('role:character', ns):
            print ' |-->', char.text

These two approaches both output::

Additional resources
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

See http://effbot.org/zone/element-index.htm for tutorials and links to other
docs.

.. _elementtree-xpath:

XPath support
-------------

This module provides limited support for
`XPath expressions <https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
tree. The goal is to support a small subset of the abbreviated syntax; a full
XPath engine is outside the scope of the module.

Example
^^^^^^^

Here's an example that demonstrates some of the XPath capabilities of the
module. We'll be using the ``countrydata`` XML document from the
:ref:`Parsing XML <elementtree-parsing-xml>` section::

import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET

root = ET.fromstring(countrydata)

# Top-level elements
   root.findall(".")

# All 'neighbor' grand-children of 'country' children of the top-level
   # elements
   root.findall("./country/neighbor")

# Nodes with name='Singapore' that have a 'year' child
   root.findall(".//year/..[@name='Singapore']")

# 'year' nodes that are children of nodes with name='Singapore'
   root.findall(".//*[@name='Singapore']/year")

# All 'neighbor' nodes that are the second child of their parent
   root.findall(".//neighbor[2]")

Supported XPath syntax
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. tabularcolumns:: |l|L|

+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Syntax                | Meaning                                              |
+=======================+======================================================+
| ``tag``               | Selects all child elements with the given tag.       |
|                       | For example, ``spam`` selects all child elements     |
|                       | named ``spam``, and ``spam/egg`` selects all         |
|                       | grandchildren named ``egg`` in all children named    |
|                       | ``spam``.                                            |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``*``                 | Selects all child elements.  For example, ``*/egg``  |
|                       | selects all grandchildren named ``egg``.             |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``.``                 | Selects the current node.  This is mostly useful     |
|                       | at the beginning of the path, to indicate that it's  |
|                       | a relative path.                                     |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``//``                | Selects all subelements, on all levels beneath the   |
|                       | current  element.  For example, ``.//egg`` selects   |
|                       | all ``egg`` elements in the entire tree.             |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``..``                | Selects the parent element.                          |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[@attrib]``         | Selects all elements that have the given attribute.  |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[@attrib='value']`` | Selects all elements for which the given attribute   |
|                       | has the given value.  The value cannot contain       |
|                       | quotes.                                              |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[tag]``             | Selects all elements that have a child named         |
|                       | ``tag``.  Only immediate children are supported.     |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[tag='text']``      | Selects all elements that have a child named         |
|                       | ``tag`` whose complete text content, including       |
|                       | descendants, equals the given ``text``.              |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``[position]``        | Selects all elements that are located at the given   |
|                       | position.  The position can be either an integer     |
|                       | (1 is the first position), the expression ``last()`` |
|                       | (for the last position), or a position relative to   |
|                       | the last position (e.g. ``last()-1``).               |
+-----------------------+------------------------------------------------------+

Predicates (expressions within square brackets) must be preceded by a tag
name, an asterisk, or another predicate.  ``position`` predicates must be
preceded by a tag name.

Reference
---------

.. _elementtree-functions:

Functions
^^^^^^^^^

.. function:: Comment(text=None)

Comment element factory.  This factory function creates a special element
   that will be serialized as an XML comment by the standard serializer.  The
   comment string can be either a bytestring or a Unicode string.  *text* is a
   string containing the comment string.  Returns an element instance
   representing a comment.

.. function:: dump(elem)

Writes an element tree or element structure to sys.stdout.  This function
   should be used for debugging only.

The exact output format is implementation dependent.  In this version, it's
   written as an ordinary XML file.

*elem* is an element tree or an individual element.

.. function:: fromstring(text)

Parses an XML section from a string constant.  Same as :func:`XML`.  *text*
   is a string containing XML data.  Returns an :class:`Element` instance.

.. function:: fromstringlist(sequence, parser=None)

Parses an XML document from a sequence of string fragments.  *sequence* is a
   list or other sequence containing XML data fragments.  *parser* is an
   optional parser instance.  If not given, the standard :class:`XMLParser`
   parser is used.  Returns an :class:`Element` instance.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. function:: iselement(element)

Checks if an object appears to be a valid element object.  *element* is an
   element instance.  Returns a true value if this is an element object.

.. function:: iterparse(source, events=None, parser=None)

Parses an XML section into an element tree incrementally, and reports what's
   going on to the user.  *source* is a filename or file object containing XML
   data.  *events* is a list of events to report back.  If omitted, only "end"
   events are reported.  *parser* is an optional parser instance.  If not
   given, the standard :class:`XMLParser` parser is used.  *parser* is not
   supported by ``cElementTree``. Returns an :term:`iterator` providing
   ``(event, elem)`` pairs.

.. note::

:func:`iterparse` only guarantees that it has seen the ">"
      character of a starting tag when it emits a "start" event, so the
      attributes are defined, but the contents of the text and tail attributes
      are undefined at that point.  The same applies to the element children;
      they may or may not be present.

If you need a fully populated element, look for "end" events instead.

.. function:: parse(source, parser=None)

Parses an XML section into an element tree.  *source* is a filename or file
   object containing XML data.  *parser* is an optional parser instance.  If
   not given, the standard :class:`XMLParser` parser is used.  Returns an
   :class:`ElementTree` instance.

.. function:: ProcessingInstruction(target, text=None)

PI element factory.  This factory function creates a special element that
   will be serialized as an XML processing instruction.  *target* is a string
   containing the PI target.  *text* is a string containing the PI contents, if
   given.  Returns an element instance, representing a processing instruction.

.. function:: register_namespace(prefix, uri)

Registers a namespace prefix.  The registry is global, and any existing
   mapping for either the given prefix or the namespace URI will be removed.
   *prefix* is a namespace prefix.  *uri* is a namespace uri.  Tags and
   attributes in this namespace will be serialized with the given prefix, if at
   all possible.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. function:: SubElement(parent, tag, attrib={}, **extra)

Subelement factory.  This function creates an element instance, and appends
   it to an existing element.

The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
   bytestrings or Unicode strings.  *parent* is the parent element.  *tag* is
   the subelement name.  *attrib* is an optional dictionary, containing element
   attributes.  *extra* contains additional attributes, given as keyword
   arguments.  Returns an element instance.

.. function:: tostring(element, encoding="us-ascii", method="xml")

Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all
   subelements.  *element* is an :class:`Element` instance.  *encoding* [1]_ is
   the output encoding (default is US-ASCII).  *method* is either ``"xml"``,
   ``"html"`` or ``"text"`` (default is ``"xml"``).  Returns an encoded string
   containing the XML data.

.. function:: tostringlist(element, encoding="us-ascii", method="xml")

Generates a string representation of an XML element, including all
   subelements.  *element* is an :class:`Element` instance.  *encoding* [1]_ is
   the output encoding (default is US-ASCII).   *method* is either ``"xml"``,
   ``"html"`` or ``"text"`` (default is ``"xml"``).  Returns a list of encoded
   strings containing the XML data.  It does not guarantee any specific
   sequence, except that ``"".join(tostringlist(element)) ==
   tostring(element)``.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. function:: XML(text, parser=None)

Parses an XML section from a string constant.  This function can be used to
   embed "XML literals" in Python code.  *text* is a string containing XML
   data.  *parser* is an optional parser instance.  If not given, the standard
   :class:`XMLParser` parser is used.  Returns an :class:`Element` instance.

.. function:: XMLID(text, parser=None)

Parses an XML section from a string constant, and also returns a dictionary
   which maps from element id:s to elements.  *text* is a string containing XML
   data.  *parser* is an optional parser instance.  If not given, the standard
   :class:`XMLParser` parser is used.  Returns a tuple containing an
   :class:`Element` instance and a dictionary.

.. _elementtree-element-objects:

Element Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: Element(tag, attrib={}, **extra)

Element class.  This class defines the Element interface, and provides a
   reference implementation of this interface.

The element name, attribute names, and attribute values can be either
   bytestrings or Unicode strings.  *tag* is the element name.  *attrib* is
   an optional dictionary, containing element attributes.  *extra* contains
   additional attributes, given as keyword arguments.

.. attribute:: tag

A string identifying what kind of data this element represents (the
      element type, in other words).

.. attribute:: text
                  tail

These attributes can be used to hold additional data associated with
      the element.  Their values are usually strings but may be any
      application-specific object.  If the element is created from
      an XML file, the *text* attribute holds either the text between
      the element's start tag and its first child or end tag, or ``None``, and
      the *tail* attribute holds either the text between the element's
      end tag and the next tag, or ``None``.  For the XML data

.. code-block:: xml

the *a* element has ``None`` for both *text* and *tail* attributes,
      the *b* element has *text* ``"1"`` and *tail* ``"4"``,
      the *c* element has *text* ``"2"`` and *tail* ``None``,
      and the *d* element has *text* ``None`` and *tail* ``"3"``.

To collect the inner text of an element, see :meth:`itertext`, for
      example ``"".join(element.itertext())``.

Applications may store arbitrary objects in these attributes.

.. attribute:: attrib

A dictionary containing the element's attributes.  Note that while the
      *attrib* value is always a real mutable Python dictionary, an ElementTree
      implementation may choose to use another internal representation, and
      create the dictionary only if someone asks for it.  To take advantage of
      such implementations, use the dictionary methods below whenever possible.

The following dictionary-like methods work on the element attributes.

.. method:: clear()

Resets an element.  This function removes all subelements, clears all
      attributes, and sets the text and tail attributes to ``None``.

.. method:: get(key, default=None)

Gets the element attribute named *key*.

Returns the attribute value, or *default* if the attribute was not found.

.. method:: items()

Returns the element attributes as a sequence of (name, value) pairs.  The
      attributes are returned in an arbitrary order.

.. method:: keys()

Returns the elements attribute names as a list.  The names are returned
      in an arbitrary order.

.. method:: set(key, value)

Set the attribute *key* on the element to *value*.

The following methods work on the element's children (subelements).

.. method:: append(subelement)

Adds the element *subelement* to the end of this elements internal list
      of subelements.

.. method:: extend(subelements)

Appends *subelements* from a sequence object with zero or more elements.
      Raises :exc:`AssertionError` if a subelement is not a valid object.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. method:: find(match)

Finds the first subelement matching *match*.  *match* may be a tag name
      or path.  Returns an element instance or ``None``.

.. method:: findall(match)

Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.  Returns a list
      containing all matching elements in document order.

.. method:: findtext(match, default=None)

Finds text for the first subelement matching *match*.  *match* may be
      a tag name or path.  Returns the text content of the first matching
      element, or *default* if no element was found.  Note that if the matching
      element has no text content an empty string is returned.

.. method:: getchildren()

.. deprecated:: 2.7
         Use ``list(elem)`` or iteration.

.. method:: getiterator(tag=None)

.. deprecated:: 2.7
         Use method :meth:`Element.iter` instead.

.. method:: insert(index, element)

Inserts a subelement at the given position in this element.

.. method:: iter(tag=None)

Creates a tree :term:`iterator` with the current element as the root.
      The iterator iterates over this element and all elements below it, in
      document (depth first) order.  If *tag* is not ``None`` or ``'*'``, only
      elements whose tag equals *tag* are returned from the iterator.  If the
      tree structure is modified during iteration, the result is undefined.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. method:: iterfind(match)

Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.  Returns an iterable
      yielding all matching elements in document order.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. method:: itertext()

Creates a text iterator.  The iterator loops over this element and all
      subelements, in document order, and returns all inner text.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. method:: makeelement(tag, attrib)

Creates a new element object of the same type as this element.  Do not
      call this method, use the :func:`SubElement` factory function instead.

.. method:: remove(subelement)

Removes *subelement* from the element.  Unlike the find\* methods this
      method compares elements based on the instance identity, not on tag value
      or contents.

:class:`Element` objects also support the following sequence type methods
   for working with subelements: :meth:`~object.__delitem__`,
   :meth:`~object.__getitem__`, :meth:`~object.__setitem__`,
   :meth:`~object.__len__`.

Caution: Elements with no subelements will test as ``False``.  This behavior
   will change in future versions.  Use specific ``len(elem)`` or ``elem is
   None`` test instead. ::

element = root.find('foo')

if not element:  # careful!
         print "element not found, or element has no subelements"

if element is None:
         print "element not found"

.. _elementtree-elementtree-objects:

ElementTree Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: ElementTree(element=None, file=None)

ElementTree wrapper class.  This class represents an entire element
   hierarchy, and adds some extra support for serialization to and from
   standard XML.

*element* is the root element.  The tree is initialized with the contents
   of the XML *file* if given.

.. method:: _setroot(element)

Replaces the root element for this tree.  This discards the current
      contents of the tree, and replaces it with the given element.  Use with
      care.  *element* is an element instance.

.. method:: find(match)

Same as :meth:`Element.find`, starting at the root of the tree.

.. method:: findall(match)

Same as :meth:`Element.findall`, starting at the root of the tree.

.. method:: findtext(match, default=None)

Same as :meth:`Element.findtext`, starting at the root of the tree.

.. method:: getiterator(tag=None)

.. deprecated:: 2.7
         Use method :meth:`ElementTree.iter` instead.

.. method:: getroot()

Returns the root element for this tree.

.. method:: iter(tag=None)

Creates and returns a tree iterator for the root element.  The iterator
      loops over all elements in this tree, in section order.  *tag* is the tag
      to look for (default is to return all elements).

.. method:: iterfind(match)

Finds all matching subelements, by tag name or path.  Same as
      getroot().iterfind(match). Returns an iterable yielding all matching
      elements in document order.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. method:: parse(source, parser=None)

Loads an external XML section into this element tree.  *source* is a file
      name or file object.  *parser* is an optional parser instance.  If not
      given, the standard XMLParser parser is used.  Returns the section
      root element.

.. method:: write(file, encoding="us-ascii", xml_declaration=None, \
                     default_namespace=None, method="xml")

Writes the element tree to a file, as XML.  *file* is a file name, or a
      file object opened for writing.  *encoding* [1]_ is the output encoding
      (default is US-ASCII).  *xml_declaration* controls if an XML declaration
      should be added to the file.  Use ``False`` for never, ``True`` for always, ``None``
      for only if not US-ASCII or UTF-8 (default is ``None``).  *default_namespace*
      sets the default XML namespace (for "xmlns").  *method* is either
      ``"xml"``, ``"html"`` or ``"text"`` (default is ``"xml"``).  Returns an
      encoded string.

This is the XML file that is going to be manipulated::

<html>
 <head>
 <title>Example page</title>
 </head>
 <body>
 Moved to <a href="http://example.org/">example.org</a>
 or <a href="http://example.com/">example.com</a>.
 </body>
 </html>

Example of changing the attribute "target" of every link in first paragraph::

>>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import ElementTree
 >>> tree = ElementTree()
 >>> tree.parse("index.xhtml")
 <Element 'html' at 0xb77e6fac>
 >>> p = tree.find("body/p") # Finds first occurrence of tag p in body
 >>> p
 <Element 'p' at 0xb77ec26c>
 >>> links = list(p.iter("a")) # Returns list of all links
 >>> links
 [<Element 'a' at 0xb77ec2ac>, <Element 'a' at 0xb77ec1cc>]
 >>> for i in links: # Iterates through all found links
 ... i.attrib["target"] = "blank"
 ...
 >>> tree.write("output.xhtml")

.. _elementtree-qname-objects:

QName Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: QName(text_or_uri, tag=None)

QName wrapper.  This can be used to wrap a QName attribute value, in order
   to get proper namespace handling on output.  *text_or_uri* is a string
   containing the QName value, in the form {uri}local, or, if the tag argument
   is given, the URI part of a QName.  If *tag* is given, the first argument is
   interpreted as a URI, and this argument is interpreted as a local name.
   :class:`QName` instances are opaque.

.. _elementtree-treebuilder-objects:

TreeBuilder Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: TreeBuilder(element_factory=None)

Generic element structure builder.  This builder converts a sequence of
   start, data, and end method calls to a well-formed element structure.  You
   can use this class to build an element structure using a custom XML parser,
   or a parser for some other XML-like format.  The *element_factory* is called
   to create new :class:`Element` instances when given.

.. method:: close()

Flushes the builder buffers, and returns the toplevel document
      element.  Returns an :class:`Element` instance.

.. method:: data(data)

Adds text to the current element.  *data* is a string.  This should be
      either a bytestring, or a Unicode string.

.. method:: end(tag)

Closes the current element.  *tag* is the element name.  Returns the
      closed element.

.. method:: start(tag, attrs)

Opens a new element.  *tag* is the element name.  *attrs* is a dictionary
      containing element attributes.  Returns the opened element.

In addition, a custom :class:`TreeBuilder` object can provide the
   following method:

.. method:: doctype(name, pubid, system)

Handles a doctype declaration.  *name* is the doctype name.  *pubid* is
      the public identifier.  *system* is the system identifier.  This method
      does not exist on the default :class:`TreeBuilder` class.

.. versionadded:: 2.7

.. _elementtree-xmlparser-objects:

XMLParser Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: XMLParser(html=0, target=None, encoding=None)

:class:`Element` structure builder for XML source data, based on the expat
   parser.  *html* are predefined HTML entities.  This flag is not supported by
   the current implementation.  *target* is the target object.  If omitted, the
   builder uses an instance of the standard TreeBuilder class.  *encoding* [1]_
   is optional.  If given, the value overrides the encoding specified in the
   XML file.

.. method:: close()

Finishes feeding data to the parser.  Returns an element structure.

.. method:: doctype(name, pubid, system)

.. deprecated:: 2.7
         Define the :meth:`TreeBuilder.doctype` method on a custom TreeBuilder
         target.

.. method:: feed(data)

Feeds data to the parser.  *data* is encoded data.

:meth:`XMLParser.feed` calls *target*\'s :meth:`start` method
for each opening tag, its :meth:`end` method for each closing tag,
and data is processed by method :meth:`data`.  :meth:`XMLParser.close`
calls *target*\'s method :meth:`close`.
:class:`XMLParser` can be used not only for building a tree structure.
This is an example of counting the maximum depth of an XML file::

>>> from xml.etree.ElementTree import XMLParser
 >>> class MaxDepth: # The target object of the parser
 ... maxDepth = 0
 ... depth = 0
 ... def start(self, tag, attrib): # Called for each opening tag.
 ... self.depth += 1
 ... if self.depth > self.maxDepth:
 ... self.maxDepth = self.depth
 ... def end(self, tag): # Called for each closing tag.
 ... self.depth -= 1
 ... def data(self, data):
 ... pass # We do not need to do anything with data.
 ... def close(self): # Called when all data has been parsed.
 ... return self.maxDepth
 ...
 >>> target = MaxDepth()
 >>> parser = XMLParser(target=target)
 >>> exampleXml = """
 ... <a>
 ... 
 ... 
 ... 
 ... <c>
 ... <d>
 ... </d>
 ... </c>
 ... 
 ... </a>"""
 >>> parser.feed(exampleXml)
 >>> parser.close()
 4

.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [1] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
   appropriate standards.  For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
   not.  See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
   and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.

cmd: