/
usr
/
share
/
doc
/
python2-docs
/
html
/
library
/
/usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/library
mkdir
upload
Name
Size
Mode
Actions
2to3.html
59507
0644
edit
dl
rm
abc.html
25826
0644
edit
dl
rm
aepack.html
14164
0644
edit
dl
rm
aetools.html
16389
0644
edit
dl
rm
aetypes.html
21021
0644
edit
dl
rm
aifc.html
25064
0644
edit
dl
rm
al.html
18672
0644
edit
dl
rm
allos.html
35297
0644
edit
dl
rm
anydbm.html
18124
0644
edit
dl
rm
archiving.html
10078
0644
edit
dl
rm
argparse.html
263616
0644
edit
dl
rm
array.html
31855
0644
edit
dl
rm
ast.html
38167
0644
edit
dl
rm
asynchat.html
33930
0644
edit
dl
rm
asyncore.html
40631
0644
edit
dl
rm
atexit.html
18455
0644
edit
dl
rm
audioop.html
34252
0644
edit
dl
rm
autogil.html
8733
0644
edit
dl
rm
base64.html
21862
0644
edit
dl
rm
basehttpserver.html
37441
0644
edit
dl
rm
bastion.html
11798
0644
edit
dl
rm
bdb.html
41395
0644
edit
dl
rm
binascii.html
22997
0644
edit
dl
rm
binhex.html
11309
0644
edit
dl
rm
bisect.html
24666
0644
edit
dl
rm
bsddb.html
28589
0644
edit
dl
rm
bz2.html
29048
0644
edit
dl
rm
calendar.html
41762
0644
edit
dl
rm
carbon.html
51998
0644
edit
dl
rm
cd.html
30033
0644
edit
dl
rm
cgi.html
55922
0644
edit
dl
rm
cgihttpserver.html
14026
0644
edit
dl
rm
cgitb.html
12263
0644
edit
dl
rm
chunk.html
15899
0644
edit
dl
rm
cmath.html
28365
0644
edit
dl
rm
cmd.html
29042
0644
edit
dl
rm
code.html
26959
0644
edit
dl
rm
codecs.html
118258
0644
edit
dl
rm
codeop.html
15898
0644
edit
dl
rm
collections.html
147647
0644
edit
dl
rm
colorpicker.html
8035
0644
edit
dl
rm
colorsys.html
11919
0644
edit
dl
rm
commands.html
15516
0644
edit
dl
rm
compileall.html
18621
0644
edit
dl
rm
compiler.html
75897
0644
edit
dl
rm
configparser.html
67751
0644
edit
dl
rm
constants.html
13979
0644
edit
dl
rm
contextlib.html
22777
0644
edit
dl
rm
cookie.html
41854
0644
edit
dl
rm
cookielib.html
91032
0644
edit
dl
rm
copy.html
13004
0644
edit
dl
rm
copy_reg.html
14691
0644
edit
dl
rm
crypt.html
10647
0644
edit
dl
rm
crypto.html
7761
0644
edit
dl
rm
csv.html
76456
0644
edit
dl
rm
ctypes.html
264575
0644
edit
dl
rm
curses.ascii.html
24873
0644
edit
dl
rm
curses.html
167501
0644
edit
dl
rm
curses.panel.html
15824
0644
edit
dl
rm
custominterp.html
8026
0644
edit
dl
rm
datatypes.html
18015
0644
edit
dl
rm
datetime.html
253438
0644
edit
dl
rm
dbhash.html
16825
0644
edit
dl
rm
dbm.html
13507
0644
edit
dl
rm
debug.html
10703
0644
edit
dl
rm
decimal.html
222315
0644
edit
dl
rm
development.html
14828
0644
edit
dl
rm
difflib.html
91975
0644
edit
dl
rm
dircache.html
12299
0644
edit
dl
rm
dis.html
84156
0644
edit
dl
rm
distribution.html
7679
0644
edit
dl
rm
distutils.html
10152
0644
edit
dl
rm
dl.html
17668
0644
edit
dl
rm
doctest.html
185883
0644
edit
dl
rm
docxmlrpcserver.html
17573
0644
edit
dl
rm
dumbdbm.html
15549
0644
edit
dl
rm
dummy_thread.html
10065
0644
edit
dl
rm
dummy_threading.html
8934
0644
edit
dl
rm
easydialogs.html
33124
0644
edit
dl
rm
email-examples.html
47424
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.charset.html
29424
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.encoders.html
12847
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.errors.html
17952
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.generator.html
23141
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.header.html
29108
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.html
55722
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.iterators.html
12623
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.message.html
70189
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.mime.html
31655
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.parser.html
35142
0644
edit
dl
rm
email.utils.html
27076
0644
edit
dl
rm
ensurepip.html
18327
0644
edit
dl
rm
errno.html
40246
0644
edit
dl
rm
exceptions.html
63693
0644
edit
dl
rm
fcntl.html
26245
0644
edit
dl
rm
filecmp.html
23997
0644
edit
dl
rm
fileformats.html
9653
0644
edit
dl
rm
fileinput.html
27071
0644
edit
dl
rm
filesys.html
10866
0644
edit
dl
rm
fl.html
56525
0644
edit
dl
rm
fm.html
13009
0644
edit
dl
rm
fnmatch.html
16258
0644
edit
dl
rm
formatter.html
37371
0644
edit
dl
rm
fpectl.html
16879
0644
edit
dl
rm
fpformat.html
11455
0644
edit
dl
rm
fractions.html
24888
0644
edit
dl
rm
framework.html
36934
0644
edit
dl
rm
frameworks.html
7551
0644
edit
dl
rm
ftplib.html
49577
0644
edit
dl
rm
functions.html
205640
0644
edit
dl
rm
functools.html
29645
0644
edit
dl
rm
future_builtins.html
14477
0644
edit
dl
rm
gc.html
28423
0644
edit
dl
rm
gdbm.html
17805
0644
edit
dl
rm
gensuitemodule.html
12574
0644
edit
dl
rm
getopt.html
25280
0644
edit
dl
rm
getpass.html
11426
0644
edit
dl
rm
gettext.html
84971
0644
edit
dl
rm
gl.html
24342
0644
edit
dl
rm
glob.html
14430
0644
edit
dl
rm
grp.html
11316
0644
edit
dl
rm
gzip.html
20576
0644
edit
dl
rm
hashlib.html
25467
0644
edit
dl
rm
heapq.html
34890
0644
edit
dl
rm
hmac.html
14374
0644
edit
dl
rm
hotshot.html
20147
0644
edit
dl
rm
htmllib.html
27682
0644
edit
dl
rm
htmlparser.html
42433
0644
edit
dl
rm
httplib.html
70932
0644
edit
dl
rm
i18n.html
10047
0644
edit
dl
rm
ic.html
18654
0644
edit
dl
rm
idle.html
42148
0644
edit
dl
rm
imageop.html
16099
0644
edit
dl
rm
imaplib.html
58515
0644
edit
dl
rm
imgfile.html
12732
0644
edit
dl
rm
imghdr.html
12238
0644
edit
dl
rm
imp.html
37603
0644
edit
dl
rm
importlib.html
8926
0644
edit
dl
rm
imputil.html
33563
0644
edit
dl
rm
index.html
79088
0644
edit
dl
rm
inspect.html
56823
0644
edit
dl
rm
internet.html
26138
0644
edit
dl
rm
intro.html
9353
0644
edit
dl
rm
io.html
113701
0644
edit
dl
rm
ipc.html
16598
0644
edit
dl
rm
itertools.html
125397
0644
edit
dl
rm
jpeg.html
13757
0644
edit
dl
rm
json.html
73678
0644
edit
dl
rm
keyword.html
8210
0644
edit
dl
rm
language.html
11687
0644
edit
dl
rm
linecache.html
11416
0644
edit
dl
rm
locale.html
61576
0644
edit
dl
rm
logging.config.html
80045
0644
edit
dl
rm
logging.handlers.html
80194
0644
edit
dl
rm
logging.html
110254
0644
edit
dl
rm
mac.html
23376
0644
edit
dl
rm
macos.html
16129
0644
edit
dl
rm
macosa.html
14080
0644
edit
dl
rm
macostools.html
16898
0644
edit
dl
rm
macpath.html
8386
0644
edit
dl
rm
mailbox.html
171121
0644
edit
dl
rm
mailcap.html
14132
0644
edit
dl
rm
markup.html
19862
0644
edit
dl
rm
marshal.html
19456
0644
edit
dl
rm
math.html
44015
0644
edit
dl
rm
md5.html
15123
0644
edit
dl
rm
mhlib.html
24123
0644
edit
dl
rm
mimetools.html
21206
0644
edit
dl
rm
mimetypes.html
30634
0644
edit
dl
rm
mimewriter.html
16078
0644
edit
dl
rm
mimify.html
15279
0644
edit
dl
rm
miniaeframe.html
13109
0644
edit
dl
rm
misc.html
7236
0644
edit
dl
rm
mm.html
9570
0644
edit
dl
rm
mmap.html
30832
0644
edit
dl
rm
modulefinder.html
18096
0644
edit
dl
rm
modules.html
9017
0644
edit
dl
rm
msilib.html
57853
0644
edit
dl
rm
msvcrt.html
21232
0644
edit
dl
rm
multifile.html
26256
0644
edit
dl
rm
multiprocessing.html
414535
0644
edit
dl
rm
mutex.html
12147
0644
edit
dl
rm
netdata.html
18379
0644
edit
dl
rm
netrc.html
14021
0644
edit
dl
rm
new.html
13177
0644
edit
dl
rm
nis.html
11502
0644
edit
dl
rm
nntplib.html
45689
0644
edit
dl
rm
numbers.html
40636
0644
edit
dl
rm
numeric.html
14292
0644
edit
dl
rm
operator.html
93622
0644
edit
dl
rm
optparse.html
250109
0644
edit
dl
rm
os.html
240195
0644
edit
dl
rm
os.path.html
43402
0644
edit
dl
rm
ossaudiodev.html
45594
0644
edit
dl
rm
othergui.html
9403
0644
edit
dl
rm
parser.html
42558
0644
edit
dl
rm
pdb.html
38603
0644
edit
dl
rm
persistence.html
15676
0644
edit
dl
rm
pickle.html
109684
0644
edit
dl
rm
pickletools.html
11475
0644
edit
dl
rm
pipes.html
19685
0644
edit
dl
rm
pkgutil.html
27367
0644
edit
dl
rm
platform.html
31599
0644
edit
dl
rm
plistlib.html
18344
0644
edit
dl
rm
popen2.html
27601
0644
edit
dl
rm
poplib.html
24320
0644
edit
dl
rm
posix.html
16626
0644
edit
dl
rm
posixfile.html
21387
0644
edit
dl
rm
pprint.html
32207
0644
edit
dl
rm
profile.html
72788
0644
edit
dl
rm
pty.html
10195
0644
edit
dl
rm
pwd.html
12388
0644
edit
dl
rm
pyclbr.html
15812
0644
edit
dl
rm
pydoc.html
13650
0644
edit
dl
rm
pyexpat.html
80886
0644
edit
dl
rm
python.html
12854
0644
edit
dl
rm
py_compile.html
11932
0644
edit
dl
rm
queue.html
26856
0644
edit
dl
rm
quopri.html
12739
0644
edit
dl
rm
random.html
42722
0644
edit
dl
rm
re.html
155985
0644
edit
dl
rm
readline.html
37383
0644
edit
dl
rm
repr.html
21778
0644
edit
dl
rm
resource.html
28286
0644
edit
dl
rm
restricted.html
12366
0644
edit
dl
rm
rexec.html
40566
0644
edit
dl
rm
rfc822.html
46408
0644
edit
dl
rm
rlcompleter.html
14460
0644
edit
dl
rm
robotparser.html
13403
0644
edit
dl
rm
runpy.html
21925
0644
edit
dl
rm
sched.html
19878
0644
edit
dl
rm
scrolledtext.html
9728
0644
edit
dl
rm
select.html
44090
0644
edit
dl
rm
sets.html
40151
0644
edit
dl
rm
sgi.html
10371
0644
edit
dl
rm
sgmllib.html
34464
0644
edit
dl
rm
sha.html
13062
0644
edit
dl
rm
shelve.html
29955
0644
edit
dl
rm
shlex.html
35033
0644
edit
dl
rm
shutil.html
45454
0644
edit
dl
rm
signal.html
34023
0644
edit
dl
rm
simplehttpserver.html
20351
0644
edit
dl
rm
simplexmlrpcserver.html
37794
0644
edit
dl
rm
site.html
26887
0644
edit
dl
rm
smtpd.html
13587
0644
edit
dl
rm
smtplib.html
47054
0644
edit
dl
rm
sndhdr.html
10993
0644
edit
dl
rm
socket.html
116414
0644
edit
dl
rm
socketserver.html
76430
0644
edit
dl
rm
someos.html
16472
0644
edit
dl
rm
spwd.html
11163
0644
edit
dl
rm
sqlite3.html
150014
0644
edit
dl
rm
ssl.html
202453
0644
edit
dl
rm
stat.html
34597
0644
edit
dl
rm
statvfs.html
11326
0644
edit
dl
rm
stdtypes.html
298144
0644
edit
dl
rm
string.html
120219
0644
edit
dl
rm
stringio.html
20061
0644
edit
dl
rm
stringprep.html
17729
0644
edit
dl
rm
strings.html
15905
0644
edit
dl
rm
struct.html
44896
0644
edit
dl
rm
subprocess.html
110447
0644
edit
dl
rm
sun.html
7253
0644
edit
dl
rm
sunau.html
30011
0644
edit
dl
rm
sunaudio.html
19236
0644
edit
dl
rm
symbol.html
8140
0644
edit
dl
rm
symtable.html
25871
0644
edit
dl
rm
sys.html
110996
0644
edit
dl
rm
sysconfig.html
26299
0644
edit
dl
rm
syslog.html
19737
0644
edit
dl
rm
tabnanny.html
11393
0644
edit
dl
rm
tarfile.html
88728
0644
edit
dl
rm
telnetlib.html
27782
0644
edit
dl
rm
tempfile.html
31903
0644
edit
dl
rm
termios.html
17309
0644
edit
dl
rm
test.html
57030
0644
edit
dl
rm
textwrap.html
30135
0644
edit
dl
rm
thread.html
21486
0644
edit
dl
rm
threading.html
86655
0644
edit
dl
rm
time.html
63798
0644
edit
dl
rm
timeit.html
40529
0644
edit
dl
rm
tix.html
50582
0644
edit
dl
rm
tk.html
26568
0644
edit
dl
rm
tkinter.html
84316
0644
edit
dl
rm
token.html
20999
0644
edit
dl
rm
tokenize.html
20607
0644
edit
dl
rm
trace.html
28668
0644
edit
dl
rm
traceback.html
40900
0644
edit
dl
rm
ttk.html
108515
0644
edit
dl
rm
tty.html
9753
0644
edit
dl
rm
turtle.html
230483
0644
edit
dl
rm
types.html
29833
0644
edit
dl
rm
undoc.html
24680
0644
edit
dl
rm
unicodedata.html
20186
0644
edit
dl
rm
unittest.html
225021
0644
edit
dl
rm
unix.html
11223
0644
edit
dl
rm
urllib.html
68266
0644
edit
dl
rm
urllib2.html
113380
0644
edit
dl
rm
urlparse.html
43474
0644
edit
dl
rm
user.html
12707
0644
edit
dl
rm
userdict.html
32069
0644
edit
dl
rm
uu.html
11810
0644
edit
dl
rm
uuid.html
30137
0644
edit
dl
rm
warnings.html
50950
0644
edit
dl
rm
wave.html
24894
0644
edit
dl
rm
weakref.html
38808
0644
edit
dl
rm
webbrowser.html
26565
0644
edit
dl
rm
whichdb.html
9499
0644
edit
dl
rm
windows.html
9817
0644
edit
dl
rm
winsound.html
20466
0644
edit
dl
rm
wsgiref.html
88384
0644
edit
dl
rm
xdrlib.html
33018
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.dom.html
97877
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.dom.minidom.html
43230
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.dom.pulldom.html
13835
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.etree.elementtree.html
111804
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.html
18007
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.sax.handler.html
41877
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.sax.html
23458
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.sax.reader.html
44802
0644
edit
dl
rm
xml.sax.utils.html
16087
0644
edit
dl
rm
xmlrpclib.html
69191
0644
edit
dl
rm
zipfile.html
62227
0644
edit
dl
rm
zipimport.html
22769
0644
edit
dl
rm
zlib.html
31230
0644
edit
dl
rm
_winreg.html
64631
0644
edit
dl
rm
__builtin__.html
11069
0644
edit
dl
rm
__future__.html
14688
0644
edit
dl
rm
__main__.html
7512
0644
edit
dl
rm
Edit:
/usr/share/doc/python2-docs/html/library/index.html
(79088B)
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>The Python Standard Library — Python 2.7.16 documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/classic.css" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="documentation_options" data-url_root="../" src="../_static/documentation_options.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="Search within Python 2.7.16 documentation" href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/> <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" /> <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" /> <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" /> <link rel="next" title="1. Introduction" href="intro.html" /> <link rel="prev" title="9. Full Grammar specification" href="../reference/grammar.html" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/index.html" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script> </head><body> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" accesskey="I">index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="intro.html" title="1. Introduction" accesskey="N">next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../reference/grammar.html" title="9. Full Grammar specification" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> » </li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <div class="section" id="the-python-standard-library"> <span id="library-index"></span><h1>The Python Standard Library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-standard-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1> <p>While <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index"><span class="std std-ref">The Python Language Reference</span></a> describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions.</p> <p>Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs.</p> <p>The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.</p> <p>In addition to the standard library, there is a growing collection of several thousand components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index</a>.</p> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">2. Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#non-essential-built-in-functions">3. Non-essential Built-in Functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html">4. Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">4.1. Constants added by the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html">5. Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">5.1. Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">5.2. Boolean Operations — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">and</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">or</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">not</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#comparisons">5.3. Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-long-complex">5.4. Numeric Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">int</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">float</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">complex</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator-types">5.5. Iterator Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#sequence-types-str-unicode-list-tuple-bytearray-buffer-xrange">5.6. Sequence Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">str</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicode</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">list</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tuple</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bytearray</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">buffer</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xrange</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">5.7. Set Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">frozenset</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">5.8. Mapping Types — <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dict</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#file-objects">5.9. File Objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#memoryview-type">5.10. memoryview type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">5.11. Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">5.12. Other Built-in Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#special-attributes">5.13. Special Attributes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">6. Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">6.1. Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="strings.html">7. String Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string.html">7.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">string</span></code> — Common string operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re.html">7.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">re</span></code> — Regular expression operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct.html">7.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">struct</span></code> — Interpret strings as packed binary data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib.html">7.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">difflib</span></code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html">7.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code> — Read and write strings as files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringio.html#module-cStringIO">7.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cStringIO</span></code> — Faster version of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">StringIO</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap.html">7.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">textwrap</span></code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs.html">7.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codecs</span></code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicodedata.html">7.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unicodedata</span></code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringprep.html">7.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stringprep</span></code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fpformat.html">7.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fpformat</span></code> — Floating point conversions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datatypes.html">8. Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html">8.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">datetime</span></code> — Basic date and time types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html">8.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">calendar</span></code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html">8.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">collections</span></code> — High-performance container datatypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html">8.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">heapq</span></code> — Heap queue algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html">8.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bisect</span></code> — Array bisection algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array.html">8.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array</span></code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sets.html">8.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sets</span></code> — Unordered collections of unique elements</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html">8.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sched</span></code> — Event scheduler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mutex.html">8.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mutex</span></code> — Mutual exclusion support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html">8.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Queue</span></code> — A synchronized queue class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html">8.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">weakref</span></code> — Weak references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="userdict.html">8.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserDict</span></code> — Class wrapper for dictionary objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="userdict.html#module-UserList">8.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserList</span></code> — Class wrapper for list objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="userdict.html#module-UserString">8.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">UserString</span></code> — Class wrapper for string objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">8.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">types</span></code> — Names for built-in types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="new.html">8.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">new</span></code> — Creation of runtime internal objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html">8.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy</span></code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html">8.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pprint</span></code> — Data pretty printer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="repr.html">8.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr</span></code> — Alternate <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">repr()</span></code> implementation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numeric.html">9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html">9.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">numbers</span></code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html">9.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">math</span></code> — Mathematical functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html">9.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmath</span></code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html">9.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">decimal</span></code> — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html">9.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fractions</span></code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html">9.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">random</span></code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html">9.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">itertools</span></code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools.html">9.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">functools</span></code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator.html">9.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">operator</span></code> — Standard operators as functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="filesys.html">10. File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html">10.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.path</span></code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput.html">10.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fileinput</span></code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stat.html">10.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat</span></code> — Interpreting <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">stat()</span></code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statvfs.html">10.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">statvfs</span></code> — Constants used with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os.statvfs()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp.html">10.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">filecmp</span></code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile.html">10.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tempfile</span></code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob.html">10.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">glob</span></code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html">10.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fnmatch</span></code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html">10.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">linecache</span></code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil.html">10.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shutil</span></code> — High-level file operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dircache.html">10.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dircache</span></code> — Cached directory listings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macpath.html">10.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macpath</span></code> — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence.html">11. Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html">11.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> — Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html#module-cPickle">11.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cPickle</span></code> — A faster <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy_reg.html">11.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">copy_reg</span></code> — Register <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickle</span></code> support functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve.html">11.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shelve</span></code> — Python object persistence</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html">11.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">marshal</span></code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="anydbm.html">11.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">anydbm</span></code> — Generic access to DBM-style databases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whichdb.html">11.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">whichdb</span></code> — Guess which DBM module created a database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm.html">11.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbm</span></code> — Simple “database” interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gdbm.html">11.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gdbm</span></code> — GNU’s reinterpretation of dbm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbhash.html">11.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dbhash</span></code> — DBM-style interface to the BSD database library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bsddb.html">11.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bsddb</span></code> — Interface to Berkeley DB library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dumbdbm.html">11.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dumbdbm</span></code> — Portable DBM implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3.html">11.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sqlite3</span></code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="archiving.html">12. Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib.html">12.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zlib</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">gzip</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html">12.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gzip</span></code> — Support for <strong class="program">gzip</strong> files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html">12.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bz2</span></code> — Compression compatible with <strong class="program">bzip2</strong></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html">12.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipfile</span></code> — Work with ZIP archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile.html">12.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tarfile</span></code> — Read and write tar archive files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fileformats.html">13. File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv.html">13.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">csv</span></code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configparser.html">13.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ConfigParser</span></code> — Configuration file parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="robotparser.html">13.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">robotparser</span></code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="netrc.html">13.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netrc</span></code> — netrc file processing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xdrlib.html">13.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xdrlib</span></code> — Encode and decode XDR data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib.html">13.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plistlib</span></code> — Generate and parse Mac OS X <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.plist</span></code> files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="crypto.html">14. Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html">14.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hashlib</span></code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html">14.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hmac</span></code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="md5.html">14.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">md5</span></code> — MD5 message digest algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sha.html">14.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sha</span></code> — SHA-1 message digest algorithm</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="allos.html">15. Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html">15.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html">15.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html">15.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html">15.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">argparse</span></code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="optparse.html">15.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">optparse</span></code> — Parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html">15.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getopt</span></code> — C-style parser for command line options</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html">15.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html">15.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html">15.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html">15.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">getpass</span></code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html">15.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses</span></code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad">15.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.textpad</span></code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html">15.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.ascii</span></code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html">15.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">curses.panel</span></code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html">15.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html">15.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html">15.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="someos.html">16. Optional Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html">16.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">select</span></code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html">16.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> — Higher-level threading interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="thread.html">16.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> — Multiple threads of control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_threading.html">16.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_threading</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">threading</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dummy_thread.html">16.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dummy_thread</span></code> — Drop-in replacement for the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">thread</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html">16.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multiprocessing</span></code> — Process-based “threading” interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html">16.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mmap</span></code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html">16.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">readline</span></code> — GNU readline interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html">16.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rlcompleter</span></code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipc.html">17. Interprocess Communication and Networking</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html">17.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subprocess</span></code> — Subprocess management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html">17.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">socket</span></code> — Low-level networking interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html">17.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ssl</span></code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html">17.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">signal</span></code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="popen2.html">17.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">popen2</span></code> — Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncore.html">17.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asyncore</span></code> — Asynchronous socket handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asynchat.html">17.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">asynchat</span></code> — Asynchronous socket command/response handler</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="netdata.html">18. Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html">18.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">email</span></code> — An email and MIME handling package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html">18.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">json</span></code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailcap.html">18.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailcap</span></code> — Mailcap file handling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html">18.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mailbox</span></code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mhlib.html">18.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mhlib</span></code> — Access to MH mailboxes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetools.html">18.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetools</span></code> — Tools for parsing MIME messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetypes.html">18.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimetypes</span></code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimewriter.html">18.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MimeWriter</span></code> — Generic MIME file writer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimify.html">18.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mimify</span></code> — MIME processing of mail messages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multifile.html">18.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">multifile</span></code> — Support for files containing distinct parts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rfc822.html">18.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rfc822</span></code> — Parse RFC 2822 mail headers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64.html">18.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">base64</span></code> — RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binhex.html">18.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binhex</span></code> — Encode and decode binhex4 files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binascii.html">18.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">binascii</span></code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html">18.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">quopri</span></code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uu.html">18.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uu</span></code> — Encode and decode uuencode files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="markup.html">19. Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmlparser.html">19.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">HTMLParser</span></code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sgmllib.html">19.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sgmllib</span></code> — Simple SGML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html">19.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">htmllib</span></code> — A parser for HTML documents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="htmllib.html#module-htmlentitydefs">19.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">htmlentitydefs</span></code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html">19.5. XML Processing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html#xml-vulnerabilities">19.6. XML vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html">19.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.etree.ElementTree</span></code> — The ElementTree XML API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html">19.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom</span></code> — The Document Object Model API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html">19.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.minidom</span></code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html">19.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.dom.pulldom</span></code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html">19.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax</span></code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html">19.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.handler</span></code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils.html">19.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.saxutils</span></code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html">19.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.sax.xmlreader</span></code> — Interface for XML parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html">19.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xml.parsers.expat</span></code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet.html">20. Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html">20.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">webbrowser</span></code> — Convenient Web-browser controller</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgi.html">20.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgi</span></code> — Common Gateway Interface support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgitb.html">20.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cgitb</span></code> — Traceback manager for CGI scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html">20.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wsgiref</span></code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html">20.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib</span></code> — Open arbitrary resources by URL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib2.html">20.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urllib2</span></code> — extensible library for opening URLs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="httplib.html">20.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">httplib</span></code> — HTTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html">20.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ftplib</span></code> — FTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html">20.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">poplib</span></code> — POP3 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html">20.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imaplib</span></code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nntplib.html">20.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nntplib</span></code> — NNTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html">20.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtplib</span></code> — SMTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtpd.html">20.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">smtpd</span></code> — SMTP Server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="telnetlib.html">20.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">telnetlib</span></code> — Telnet client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html">20.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">uuid</span></code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urlparse.html">20.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">urlparse</span></code> — Parse URLs into components</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html">20.17. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SocketServer</span></code> — A framework for network servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="basehttpserver.html">20.18. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BaseHTTPServer</span></code> — Basic HTTP server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simplehttpserver.html">20.19. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleHTTPServer</span></code> — Simple HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cgihttpserver.html">20.20. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CGIHTTPServer</span></code> — CGI-capable HTTP request handler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookielib.html">20.21. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cookielib</span></code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cookie.html">20.22. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Cookie</span></code> — HTTP state management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpclib.html">20.23. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></code> — XML-RPC client access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html">20.24. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Basic XML-RPC server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="docxmlrpcserver.html">20.25. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DocXMLRPCServer</span></code> — Self-documenting XML-RPC server</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mm.html">21. Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audioop.html">21.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">audioop</span></code> — Manipulate raw audio data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imageop.html">21.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imageop</span></code> — Manipulate raw image data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aifc.html">21.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aifc</span></code> — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunau.html">21.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunau</span></code> — Read and write Sun AU files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wave.html">21.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">wave</span></code> — Read and write WAV files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="chunk.html">21.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chunk</span></code> — Read IFF chunked data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorsys.html">21.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">colorsys</span></code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imghdr.html">21.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imghdr</span></code> — Determine the type of an image</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sndhdr.html">21.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sndhdr</span></code> — Determine type of sound file</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ossaudiodev.html">21.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ossaudiodev</span></code> — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="i18n.html">22. Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html">22.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gettext</span></code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html">22.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">locale</span></code> — Internationalization services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="frameworks.html">23. Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html">23.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cmd</span></code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html">23.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">shlex</span></code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tk.html">24. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html">24.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tkinter</span></code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ttk.html">24.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ttk</span></code> — Tk themed widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tix.html">24.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tix</span></code> — Extension widgets for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="scrolledtext.html">24.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ScrolledText</span></code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html">24.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">turtle</span></code> — Turtle graphics for Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="idle.html">24.6. IDLE</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="othergui.html">24.7. Other Graphical User Interface Packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="development.html">25. Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html">25.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pydoc</span></code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html">25.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doctest</span></code> — Test interactive Python examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html">25.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">unittest</span></code> — Unit testing framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="2to3.html">25.4. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html">25.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test</span></code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support">25.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">test.support</span></code> — Utility functions for tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="debug.html">26. Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html">26.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bdb</span></code> — Debugger framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html">26.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pdb</span></code> — The Python Debugger</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html#debugger-commands">26.3. Debugger Commands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html">26.4. The Python Profilers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hotshot.html">26.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">hotshot</span></code> — High performance logging profiler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html">26.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">timeit</span></code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html">26.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trace</span></code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distribution.html">27. Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="distutils.html">27.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">distutils</span></code> — Building and installing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html">27.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ensurepip</span></code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code> installer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="python.html">28. Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html">28.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sys</span></code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig.html">28.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysconfig</span></code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__builtin__.html">28.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__builtin__</span></code> — Built-in objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="future_builtins.html">28.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">future_builtins</span></code> — Python 3 builtins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html">28.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__main__</span></code> — Top-level script environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html">28.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">warnings</span></code> — Warning control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib.html">28.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">contextlib</span></code> — Utilities for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">with</span></code>-statement contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc.html">28.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abc</span></code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html">28.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">atexit</span></code> — Exit handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html">28.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">traceback</span></code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__future__.html">28.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__future__</span></code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc.html">28.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gc</span></code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html">28.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">inspect</span></code> — Inspect live objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site.html">28.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="user.html">28.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user</span></code> — User-specific configuration hook</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fpectl.html">28.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fpectl</span></code> — Floating point exception control</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="custominterp.html">29. Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="code.html">29.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">code</span></code> — Interpreter base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codeop.html">29.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">codeop</span></code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="restricted.html">30. Restricted Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rexec.html">30.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rexec</span></code> — Restricted execution framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bastion.html">30.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Bastion</span></code> — Restricting access to objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">31. Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imp.html">31.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imp</span></code> — Access the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">import</span></code> internals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html">31.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">importlib</span></code> — Convenience wrappers for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imputil.html">31.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imputil</span></code> — Import utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport.html">31.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">zipimport</span></code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil.html">31.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pkgutil</span></code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modulefinder.html">31.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">modulefinder</span></code> — Find modules used by a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="runpy.html">31.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">runpy</span></code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">32. Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="parser.html">32.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parser</span></code> — Access Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html">32.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ast</span></code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html">32.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symtable</span></code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symbol.html">32.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">symbol</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="token.html">32.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">token</span></code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword.html">32.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">keyword</span></code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html">32.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tokenize</span></code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny.html">32.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tabnanny</span></code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html">32.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pyclbr</span></code> — Python class browser support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html">32.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">py_compile</span></code> — Compile Python source files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html">32.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compileall</span></code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html">32.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dis</span></code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html">32.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html">33. Python compiler package</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#module-compiler">33.1. The basic interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#limitations">33.2. Limitations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#python-abstract-syntax">33.3. Python Abstract Syntax</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#module-compiler.visitor">33.4. Using Visitors to Walk ASTs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#bytecode-generation">33.5. Bytecode Generation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="misc.html">34. Miscellaneous Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="formatter.html">34.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">formatter</span></code> — Generic output formatting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">35. MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msilib.html">35.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msilib</span></code> — Read and write Microsoft Installer files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msvcrt.html">35.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msvcrt</span></code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_winreg.html">35.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_winreg</span></code> — Windows registry access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winsound.html">35.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">winsound</span></code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unix.html">36. Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posix.html">36.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posix</span></code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html">36.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pwd</span></code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="spwd.html">36.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">spwd</span></code> — The shadow password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp.html">36.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grp</span></code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="crypt.html">36.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">crypt</span></code> — Function to check Unix passwords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dl.html">36.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">dl</span></code> — Call C functions in shared objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="termios.html">36.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">termios</span></code> — POSIX style tty control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tty.html">36.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tty</span></code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pty.html">36.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pty</span></code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html">36.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fcntl</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ioctl</span></code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pipes.html">36.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pipes</span></code> — Interface to shell pipelines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posixfile.html">36.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">posixfile</span></code> — File-like objects with locking support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource.html">36.13. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">resource</span></code> — Resource usage information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="nis.html">36.14. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nis</span></code> — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="syslog.html">36.15. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">syslog</span></code> — Unix syslog library routines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="commands.html">36.16. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">commands</span></code> — Utilities for running commands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mac.html">37. Mac OS X specific services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ic.html">37.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ic</span></code> — Access to the Mac OS X Internet Config</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macos.html">37.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MacOS</span></code> — Access to Mac OS interpreter features</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macostools.html">37.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">macostools</span></code> — Convenience routines for file manipulation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="macostools.html#module-findertools">37.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">findertools</span></code> — The <strong class="program">finder</strong>’s Apple Events interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="easydialogs.html">37.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">EasyDialogs</span></code> — Basic Macintosh dialogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="framework.html">37.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FrameWork</span></code> — Interactive application framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autogil.html">37.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">autoGIL</span></code> — Global Interpreter Lock handling in event loops</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="carbon.html">37.8. Mac OS Toolbox Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorpicker.html">37.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ColorPicker</span></code> — Color selection dialog</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="macosa.html">38. MacPython OSA Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gensuitemodule.html">38.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gensuitemodule</span></code> — Generate OSA stub packages</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aetools.html">38.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetools</span></code> — OSA client support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aepack.html">38.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aepack</span></code> — Conversion between Python variables and AppleEvent data containers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="aetypes.html">38.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">aetypes</span></code> — AppleEvent objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="miniaeframe.html">38.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">MiniAEFrame</span></code> — Open Scripting Architecture server support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sgi.html">39. SGI IRIX Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="al.html">39.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">al</span></code> — Audio functions on the SGI</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="al.html#module-AL">39.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">al</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cd.html">39.3. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cd</span></code> — CD-ROM access on SGI systems</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fl.html">39.4. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code> — FORMS library for graphical user interfaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fl.html#module-FL">39.5. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">FL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fl</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fl.html#module-flp">39.6. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flp</span></code> — Functions for loading stored FORMS designs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fm.html">39.7. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">fm</span></code> — <em>Font Manager</em> interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gl.html">39.8. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> — <em>Graphics Library</em> interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gl.html#module-DEVICE">39.9. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">DEVICE</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gl.html#module-GL">39.10. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">GL</span></code> — Constants used with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gl</span></code> module</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imgfile.html">39.11. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">imgfile</span></code> — Support for SGI imglib files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="jpeg.html">39.12. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">jpeg</span></code> — Read and write JPEG files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="sun.html">40. SunOS Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunaudio.html">40.1. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunaudiodev</span></code> — Access to Sun audio hardware</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sunaudio.html#module-SUNAUDIODEV">40.2. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">SUNAUDIODEV</span></code> — Constants used with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sunaudiodev</span></code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html">41. Undocumented Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#miscellaneous-useful-utilities">41.1. Miscellaneous useful utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#platform-specific-modules">41.2. Platform specific modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#multimedia">41.3. Multimedia</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#undocumented-mac-os-modules">41.4. Undocumented Mac OS modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#obsolete">41.5. Obsolete</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="undoc.html#sgi-specific-extension-modules">41.6. SGI-specific Extension modules</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation"> <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper"> <h4>Previous topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="../reference/grammar.html" title="previous chapter">9. Full Grammar specification</a></p> <h4>Next topic</h4> <p class="topless"><a href="intro.html" title="next chapter">1. Introduction</a></p> <div role="note" aria-label="source link"> <h3>This Page</h3> <ul class="this-page-menu"> <li><a href="../_sources/library/index.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search"> <h3>Quick search</h3> <div class="searchformwrapper"> <form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input type="text" name="q" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" /> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" /> </form> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script> </div> </div> <div class="clearer"></div> </div> <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation"> <h3>Navigation</h3> <ul> <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px"> <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index" >index</a></li> <li class="right" > <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index" >modules</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="intro.html" title="1. Introduction" >next</a> |</li> <li class="right" > <a href="../reference/grammar.html" title="9. Full Grammar specification" >previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt="" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li> <a href="../index.html">Python 2.7.16 documentation</a> » </li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer"> © <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2019, Python Software Foundation. <br /> The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. <a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a> <br /> Last updated on Mar 27, 2019. <a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>? <br /> Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.7.6. </div> </body> </html>
Save
cmd:
run