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Six: Python 2 and 3 Compatibility Library ========================================= .. module:: six :synopsis: Python 2 and 3 compatibility .. moduleauthor:: Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> .. sectionauthor:: Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org> Six provides simple utilities for wrapping over differences between Python 2 and Python 3. It is intended to support codebases that work on both Python 2 and 3 without modification. six consists of only one Python file, so it is painless to copy into a project. Six can be downloaded on `PyPi <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/six/>`_. Its bug tracker and code hosting is on `GitHub <https://github.com/benjaminp/six>`_. The name, "six", comes from the fact that 2*3 equals 6. Why not addition? Multiplication is more powerful, and, anyway, "five" has already been snatched away by the (admittedly now moribund) Zope Five project. Indices and tables ------------------ * :ref:`genindex` * :ref:`search` Package contents ---------------- .. data:: PY2 A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 2. .. data:: PY3 A boolean indicating if the code is running on Python 3. Constants >>>>>>>>> Six provides constants that may differ between Python versions. Ones ending ``_types`` are mostly useful as the second argument to ``isinstance`` or ``issubclass``. .. data:: class_types Possible class types. In Python 2, this encompasses old-style and new-style classes. In Python 3, this is just new-styles. .. data:: integer_types Possible integer types. In Python 2, this is :func:`py2:long` and :func:`py2:int`, and in Python 3, just :func:`py3:int`. .. data:: string_types Possible types for text data. This is :func:`py2:basestring` in Python 2 and :func:`py3:str` in Python 3. .. data:: text_type Type for representing (Unicode) textual data. This is :func:`py2:unicode` in Python 2 and :func:`py3:str` in Python 3. .. data:: binary_type Type for representing binary data. This is :func:`py2:str` in Python 2 and :func:`py3:bytes` in Python 3. .. data:: MAXSIZE The maximum size of a container like :func:`py3:list` or :func:`py3:dict`. This is equivalent to :data:`py3:sys.maxsize` in Python 2.6 and later (including 3.x). Note, this is temptingly similar to, but not the same as :data:`py2:sys.maxint` in Python 2. There is no direct equivalent to :data:`py2:sys.maxint` in Python 3 because its integer type has no limits aside from memory. Here's example usage of the module:: import six def dispatch_types(value): if isinstance(value, six.integer_types): handle_integer(value) elif isinstance(value, six.class_types): handle_class(value) elif isinstance(value, six.string_types): handle_string(value) Object model compatibility >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Python 3 renamed the attributes of several interpreter data structures. The following accessors are available. Note that the recommended way to inspect functions and methods is the stdlib :mod:`py3:inspect` module. .. function:: get_unbound_function(meth) Get the function out of unbound method *meth*. In Python 3, unbound methods don't exist, so this function just returns *meth* unchanged. Example usage:: from six import get_unbound_function class X(object): def method(self): pass method_function = get_unbound_function(X.method) .. function:: get_method_function(meth) Get the function out of method object *meth*. .. function:: get_method_self(meth) Get the ``self`` of bound method *meth*. .. function:: get_function_closure(func) Get the closure (list of cells) associated with *func*. This is equivalent to ``func.__closure__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_closure`` on Python 2.5. .. function:: get_function_code(func) Get the code object associated with *func*. This is equivalent to ``func.__code__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_code`` on Python 2.5. .. function:: get_function_defaults(func) Get the defaults tuple associated with *func*. This is equivalent to ``func.__defaults__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_defaults`` on Python 2.5. .. function:: get_function_globals(func) Get the globals of *func*. This is equivalent to ``func.__globals__`` on Python 2.6+ and ``func.func_globals`` on Python 2.5. .. function:: next(it) advance_iterator(it) Get the next item of iterator *it*. :exc:`py3:StopIteration` is raised if the iterator is exhausted. This is a replacement for calling ``it.next()`` in Python 2 and ``next(it)`` in Python 3. Python 2.6 and above have a builtin ``next`` function, so six's version is only necessary for Python 2.5 compatibility. .. function:: callable(obj) Check if *obj* can be called. Note ``callable`` has returned in Python 3.2, so using six's version is only necessary when supporting Python 3.0 or 3.1. .. function:: iterkeys(dictionary, **kwargs) Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s keys. This replaces ``dictionary.iterkeys()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.keys()`` on Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method. .. function:: itervalues(dictionary, **kwargs) Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s values. This replaces ``dictionary.itervalues()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.values()`` on Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method. .. function:: iteritems(dictionary, **kwargs) Returns an iterator over *dictionary*\'s items. This replaces ``dictionary.iteritems()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.items()`` on Python 3. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method. .. function:: iterlists(dictionary, **kwargs) Calls ``dictionary.iterlists()`` on Python 2 and ``dictionary.lists()`` on Python 3. No builtin Python mapping type has such a method; this method is intended for use with multi-valued dictionaries like `Werkzeug's <http://werkzeug.pocoo.org/docs/datastructures/#werkzeug.datastructures.MultiDict>`_. *kwargs* are passed through to the underlying method. .. function:: viewkeys(dictionary) Return a view over *dictionary*\'s keys. This replaces :meth:`py2:dict.viewkeys` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.keys` on Python 3. .. function:: viewvalues(dictionary) Return a view over *dictionary*\'s values. This replaces :meth:`py2:dict.viewvalues` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.values` on Python 3. .. function:: viewitems(dictionary) Return a view over *dictionary*\'s items. This replaces :meth:`py2:dict.viewitems` on Python 2.7 and :meth:`py3:dict.items` on Python 3. .. function:: create_bound_method(func, obj) Return a method object wrapping *func* and bound to *obj*. On both Python 2 and 3, this will return a :func:`py3:types.MethodType` object. The reason this wrapper exists is that on Python 2, the ``MethodType`` constructor requires the *obj*'s class to be passed. .. function:: create_unbound_method(func, cls) Return an unbound method object wrapping *func*. In Python 2, this will return a :func:`py2:types.MethodType` object. In Python 3, unbound methods do not exist and this wrapper will simply return *func*. .. class:: Iterator A class for making portable iterators. The intention is that it be subclassed and subclasses provide a ``__next__`` method. In Python 2, :class:`Iterator` has one method: ``next``. It simply delegates to ``__next__``. An alternate way to do this would be to simply alias ``next`` to ``__next__``. However, this interacts badly with subclasses that override ``__next__``. :class:`Iterator` is empty on Python 3. (In fact, it is just aliased to :class:`py3:object`.) .. decorator:: wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS, updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES) This is exactly the :func:`py3:functools.wraps` decorator, but it sets the ``__wrapped__`` attribute on what it decorates as :func:`py3:functools.wraps` does on Python versions after 3.2. Syntax compatibility >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> These functions smooth over operations which have different syntaxes between Python 2 and 3. .. function:: exec_(code, globals=None, locals=None) Execute *code* in the scope of *globals* and *locals*. *code* can be a string or a code object. If *globals* or *locals* are not given, they will default to the scope of the caller. If just *globals* is given, it will also be used as *locals*. .. note:: Python 3's :func:`py3:exec` doesn't take keyword arguments, so calling :func:`exec` with them should be avoided. .. function:: print_(*args, *, file=sys.stdout, end="\\n", sep=" ", flush=False) Print *args* into *file*. Each argument will be separated with *sep* and *end* will be written to the file after the last argument is printed. If *flush* is true, ``file.flush()`` will be called after all data is written. .. note:: In Python 2, this function imitates Python 3's :func:`py3:print` by not having softspace support. If you don't know what that is, you're probably ok. :) .. function:: raise_from(exc_value, exc_value_from) Raise an exception from a context. On Python 3, this is equivalent to ``raise exc_value from exc_value_from``. On Python 2, which does not support exception chaining, it is equivalent to ``raise exc_value``. .. function:: reraise(exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback=None) Reraise an exception, possibly with a different traceback. In the simple case, ``reraise(*sys.exc_info())`` with an active exception (in an except block) reraises the current exception with the last traceback. A different traceback can be specified with the *exc_traceback* parameter. Note that since the exception reraising is done within the :func:`reraise` function, Python will attach the call frame of :func:`reraise` to whatever traceback is raised. .. function:: with_metaclass(metaclass, *bases) Create a new class with base classes *bases* and metaclass *metaclass*. This is designed to be used in class declarations like this: :: from six import with_metaclass class Meta(type): pass class Base(object): pass class MyClass(with_metaclass(Meta, Base)): pass Another way to set a metaclass on a class is with the :func:`add_metaclass` decorator. .. decorator:: add_metaclass(metaclass) Class decorator that replaces a normally-constructed class with a metaclass-constructed one. Example usage: :: @add_metaclass(Meta) class MyClass(object): pass That code produces a class equivalent to :: class MyClass(object, metaclass=Meta): pass on Python 3 or :: class MyClass(object): __metaclass__ = Meta on Python 2. Note that class decorators require Python 2.6. However, the effect of the decorator can be emulated on Python 2.5 like so:: class MyClass(object): pass MyClass = add_metaclass(Meta)(MyClass) Binary and text data >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Python 3 enforces the distinction between byte strings and text strings far more rigorously than Python 2 does; binary data cannot be automatically coerced to or from text data. six provides several functions to assist in classifying string data in all Python versions. .. function:: b(data) A "fake" bytes literal. *data* should always be a normal string literal. In Python 2, :func:`b` returns a 8-bit string. In Python 3, *data* is encoded with the latin-1 encoding to bytes. .. note:: Since all Python versions 2.6 and after support the ``b`` prefix, code without 2.5 support doesn't need :func:`b`. .. function:: u(text) A "fake" unicode literal. *text* should always be a normal string literal. In Python 2, :func:`u` returns unicode, and in Python 3, a string. Also, in Python 2, the string is decoded with the ``unicode-escape`` codec, which allows unicode escapes to be used in it. .. note:: In Python 3.3, the ``u`` prefix has been reintroduced. Code that only supports Python 3 versions of 3.3 and higher thus does not need :func:`u`. .. note:: On Python 2, :func:`u` doesn't know what the encoding of the literal is. Each byte is converted directly to the unicode codepoint of the same value. Because of this, it's only safe to use :func:`u` with strings of ASCII data. .. function:: unichr(c) Return the (Unicode) string representing the codepoint *c*. This is equivalent to :func:`py2:unichr` on Python 2 and :func:`py3:chr` on Python 3. .. function:: int2byte(i) Converts *i* to a byte. *i* must be in ``range(0, 256)``. This is equivalent to :func:`py2:chr` in Python 2 and ``bytes((i,))`` in Python 3. .. function:: byte2int(bs) Converts the first byte of *bs* to an integer. This is equivalent to ``ord(bs[0])`` on Python 2 and ``bs[0]`` on Python 3. .. function:: indexbytes(buf, i) Return the byte at index *i* of *buf* as an integer. This is equivalent to indexing a bytes object in Python 3. .. function:: iterbytes(buf) Return an iterator over bytes in *buf* as integers. This is equivalent to a bytes object iterator in Python 3. .. data:: StringIO This is a fake file object for textual data. It's an alias for :class:`py2:StringIO.StringIO` in Python 2 and :class:`py3:io.StringIO` in Python 3. .. data:: BytesIO This is a fake file object for binary data. In Python 2, it's an alias for :class:`py2:StringIO.StringIO`, but in Python 3, it's an alias for :class:`py3:io.BytesIO`. .. decorator:: python_2_unicode_compatible A class decorator that takes a class defining a ``__str__`` method. On Python 3, the decorator does nothing. On Python 2, it aliases the ``__str__`` method to ``__unicode__`` and creates a new ``__str__`` method that returns the result of ``__unicode__()`` encoded with UTF-8. unittest assertions >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Six contains compatibility shims for unittest assertions that have been renamed. The parameters are the same as their aliases, but you must pass the test method as the first argument. For example:: import six import unittest class TestAssertCountEqual(unittest.TestCase): def test(self): six.assertCountEqual(self, (1, 2), [2, 1]) Note these functions are only available on Python 2.7 or later. .. function:: assertCountEqual() Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual` on Python 3 and :meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual` on Python 2. .. function:: assertRaisesRegex() Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex` on Python 3 and :meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegexp` on Python 2. .. function:: assertRegex() Alias for :meth:`~py3:unittest.TestCase.assertRegex` on Python 3 and :meth:`~py2:unittest.TestCase.assertRegexpMatches` on Python 2. Renamed modules and attributes compatibility >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .. module:: six.moves :synopsis: Renamed modules and attributes compatibility Python 3 reorganized the standard library and moved several functions to different modules. Six provides a consistent interface to them through the fake :mod:`six.moves` module. For example, to load the module for parsing HTML on Python 2 or 3, write:: from six.moves import html_parser Similarly, to get the function to reload modules, which was moved from the builtin module to the ``imp`` module, use:: from six.moves import reload_module For the most part, :mod:`six.moves` aliases are the names of the modules in Python 3. When the new Python 3 name is a package, the components of the name are separated by underscores. For example, ``html.parser`` becomes ``html_parser``. In some cases where several modules have been combined, the Python 2 name is retained. This is so the appropriate modules can be found when running on Python 2. For example, ``BaseHTTPServer`` which is in ``http.server`` in Python 3 is aliased as ``BaseHTTPServer``. Some modules which had two implementations have been merged in Python 3. For example, ``cPickle`` no longer exists in Python 3; it was merged with ``pickle``. In these cases, fetching the fast version will load the fast one on Python 2 and the merged module in Python 3. The :mod:`py2:urllib`, :mod:`py2:urllib2`, and :mod:`py2:urlparse` modules have been combined in the :mod:`py3:urllib` package in Python 3. The :mod:`six.moves.urllib` package is a version-independent location for this functionality; its structure mimics the structure of the Python 3 :mod:`py3:urllib` package. .. note:: In order to make imports of the form:: from six.moves.cPickle import loads work, six places special proxy objects in :data:`py3:sys.modules`. These proxies lazily load the underlying module when an attribute is fetched. This will fail if the underlying module is not available in the Python interpreter. For example, ``sys.modules["six.moves.winreg"].LoadKey`` would fail on any non-Windows platform. Unfortunately, some applications try to load attributes on every module in :data:`py3:sys.modules`. six mitigates this problem for some applications by pretending attributes on unimportable modules do not exist. This hack does not work in every case, though. If you are encountering problems with the lazy modules and don't use any from imports directly from ``six.moves`` modules, you can workaround the issue by removing the six proxy modules:: d = [name for name in sys.modules if name.startswith("six.moves.")] for name in d: del sys.modules[name] Supported renames: +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | Name | Python 2 name | Python 3 name | +==============================+=====================================+=======================================+ | ``builtins`` | :mod:`py2:__builtin__` | :mod:`py3:builtins` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``configparser`` | :mod:`py2:ConfigParser` | :mod:`py3:configparser` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``copyreg`` | :mod:`py2:copy_reg` | :mod:`py3:copyreg` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``cPickle`` | :mod:`py2:cPickle` | :mod:`py3:pickle` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``cStringIO`` | :func:`py2:cStringIO.StringIO` | :class:`py3:io.StringIO` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``dbm_gnu`` | :func:`py2:gdbm` | :class:`py3:dbm.gnu` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``_dummy_thread`` | :mod:`py2:dummy_thread` | :mod:`py3:_dummy_thread` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``email_mime_base`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEBase` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.base` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``email_mime_image`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEImage` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.image` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``email_mime_multipart`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEMultipart` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.multipart` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``email_mime_nonmultipart`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMENonMultipart` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.nonmultipart` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``email_mime_text`` | :mod:`py2:email.MIMEText` | :mod:`py3:email.mime.text` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``filter`` | :func:`py2:itertools.ifilter` | :func:`py3:filter` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``filterfalse`` | :func:`py2:itertools.ifilterfalse` | :func:`py3:itertools.filterfalse` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``getcwd`` | :func:`py2:os.getcwdu` | :func:`py3:os.getcwd` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``getcwdb`` | :func:`py2:os.getcwd` | :func:`py3:os.getcwdb` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``getoutput`` | :func:`py2:commands.getoutput` | :func:`py3:subprocess.getoutput` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``http_cookiejar`` | :mod:`py2:cookielib` | :mod:`py3:http.cookiejar` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``http_cookies`` | :mod:`py2:Cookie` | :mod:`py3:http.cookies` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``html_entities`` | :mod:`py2:htmlentitydefs` | :mod:`py3:html.entities` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``html_parser`` | :mod:`py2:HTMLParser` | :mod:`py3:html.parser` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``http_client`` | :mod:`py2:httplib` | :mod:`py3:http.client` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``BaseHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:BaseHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``CGIHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:CGIHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``SimpleHTTPServer`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleHTTPServer` | :mod:`py3:http.server` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``input`` | :func:`py2:raw_input` | :func:`py3:input` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``intern`` | :func:`py2:intern` | :func:`py3:sys.intern` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``map`` | :func:`py2:itertools.imap` | :func:`py3:map` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``queue`` | :mod:`py2:Queue` | :mod:`py3:queue` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``range`` | :func:`py2:xrange` | :func:`py3:range` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``reduce`` | :func:`py2:reduce` | :func:`py3:functools.reduce` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``reload_module`` | :func:`py2:reload` | :func:`py3:imp.reload`, | | | | :func:`py3:importlib.reload` | | | | on Python 3.4+ | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``reprlib`` | :mod:`py2:repr` | :mod:`py3:reprlib` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``shlex_quote`` | :mod:`py2:pipes.quote` | :mod:`py3:shlex.quote` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``socketserver`` | :mod:`py2:SocketServer` | :mod:`py3:socketserver` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``_thread`` | :mod:`py2:thread` | :mod:`py3:_thread` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter`` | :mod:`py2:Tkinter` | :mod:`py3:tkinter` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_dialog`` | :mod:`py2:Dialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.dialog` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_filedialog`` | :mod:`py2:FileDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.FileDialog` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_scrolledtext`` | :mod:`py2:ScrolledText` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.scrolledtext` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_simpledialog`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.simpledialog` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_ttk`` | :mod:`py2:ttk` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.ttk` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_tix`` | :mod:`py2:Tix` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.tix` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_constants`` | :mod:`py2:Tkconstants` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.constants` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_dnd`` | :mod:`py2:Tkdnd` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.dnd` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_colorchooser`` | :mod:`py2:tkColorChooser` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.colorchooser` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_commondialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkCommonDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.commondialog` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_tkfiledialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkFileDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.filedialog` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_font`` | :mod:`py2:tkFont` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.font` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_messagebox`` | :mod:`py2:tkMessageBox` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.messagebox` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``tkinter_tksimpledialog`` | :mod:`py2:tkSimpleDialog` | :mod:`py3:tkinter.simpledialog` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``urllib.parse`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.parse` | :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``urllib.error`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.error` | :mod:`py3:urllib.error` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``urllib.request`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.request` | :mod:`py3:urllib.request` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``urllib.response`` | See :mod:`six.moves.urllib.response`| :mod:`py3:urllib.response` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``urllib.robotparser`` | :mod:`py2:robotparser` | :mod:`py3:urllib.robotparser` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``urllib_robotparser`` | :mod:`py2:robotparser` | :mod:`py3:urllib.robotparser` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``UserDict`` | :class:`py2:UserDict.UserDict` | :class:`py3:collections.UserDict` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``UserList`` | :class:`py2:UserList.UserList` | :class:`py3:collections.UserList` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``UserString`` | :class:`py2:UserString.UserString` | :class:`py3:collections.UserString` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``winreg`` | :mod:`py2:_winreg` | :mod:`py3:winreg` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``xmlrpc_client`` | :mod:`py2:xmlrpclib` | :mod:`py3:xmlrpc.client` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``xmlrpc_server`` | :mod:`py2:SimpleXMLRPCServer` | :mod:`py3:xmlrpc.server` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``xrange`` | :func:`py2:xrange` | :func:`py3:range` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``zip`` | :func:`py2:itertools.izip` | :func:`py3:zip` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ | ``zip_longest`` | :func:`py2:itertools.izip_longest` | :func:`py3:itertools.zip_longest` | +------------------------------+-------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+ urllib parse <<<<<<<<<<<< .. module:: six.moves.urllib.parse :synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urlparse` and :mod:`py2:urllib` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` in Python 3 Contains functions from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.parse` and Python 2's: :mod:`py2:urlparse`: * :func:`py2:urlparse.ParseResult` * :func:`py2:urlparse.SplitResult` * :func:`py2:urlparse.urlparse` * :func:`py2:urlparse.urlunparse` * :func:`py2:urlparse.parse_qs` * :func:`py2:urlparse.parse_qsl` * :func:`py2:urlparse.urljoin` * :func:`py2:urlparse.urldefrag` * :func:`py2:urlparse.urlsplit` * :func:`py2:urlparse.urlunsplit` * :func:`py2:urlparse.splitquery` * :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_fragment` * :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_netloc` * :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_params` * :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_query` * :func:`py2:urlparse.uses_relative` and :mod:`py2:urllib`: * :func:`py2:urllib.quote` * :func:`py2:urllib.quote_plus` * :func:`py2:urllib.splittag` * :func:`py2:urllib.splituser` * :func:`py2:urllib.splitvalue` * :func:`py2:urllib.unquote` (also exposed as :func:`py3:urllib.parse.unquote_to_bytes`) * :func:`py2:urllib.unquote_plus` * :func:`py2:urllib.urlencode` urllib error <<<<<<<<<<<< .. module:: six.moves.urllib.error :synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` and :mod:`py2:urllib2` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.error` in Python 3 Contains exceptions from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.error` and Python 2's: :mod:`py2:urllib`: * :exc:`py2:urllib.ContentTooShortError` and :mod:`py2:urllib2`: * :exc:`py2:urllib2.URLError` * :exc:`py2:urllib2.HTTPError` urllib request <<<<<<<<<<<<<< .. module:: six.moves.urllib.request :synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` and :mod:`py2:urllib2` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.request` in Python 3 Contains items from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.request` and Python 2's: :mod:`py2:urllib`: * :func:`py2:urllib.pathname2url` * :func:`py2:urllib.url2pathname` * :func:`py2:urllib.getproxies` * :func:`py2:urllib.urlretrieve` * :func:`py2:urllib.urlcleanup` * :class:`py2:urllib.URLopener` * :class:`py2:urllib.FancyURLopener` * :func:`py2:urllib.proxy_bypass` and :mod:`py2:urllib2`: * :func:`py2:urllib2.urlopen` * :func:`py2:urllib2.install_opener` * :func:`py2:urllib2.build_opener` * :func:`py2:urllib2.parse_http_list` * :func:`py2:urllib2.parse_keqv_list` * :class:`py2:urllib2.Request` * :class:`py2:urllib2.OpenerDirector` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPDefaultErrorHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPRedirectHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor` * :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.BaseHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgr` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm` * :class:`py2:urllib2.AbstractBasicAuthHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyBasicAuthHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.AbstractDigestAuthHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPDigestAuthHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.ProxyDigestAuthHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPSHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.FileHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.FTPHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.CacheFTPHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.UnknownHandler` * :class:`py2:urllib2.HTTPErrorProcessor` urllib response <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< .. module:: six.moves.urllib.response :synopsis: Stuff from :mod:`py2:urllib` in Python 2 and :mod:`py3:urllib.response` in Python 3 Contains classes from Python 3's :mod:`py3:urllib.response` and Python 2's: :mod:`py2:urllib`: * :class:`py2:urllib.addbase` * :class:`py2:urllib.addclosehook` * :class:`py2:urllib.addinfo` * :class:`py2:urllib.addinfourl` Advanced - Customizing renames <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< .. currentmodule:: six It is possible to add additional names to the :mod:`six.moves` namespace. .. function:: add_move(item) Add *item* to the :mod:`six.moves` mapping. *item* should be a :class:`MovedAttribute` or :class:`MovedModule` instance. .. function:: remove_move(name) Remove the :mod:`six.moves` mapping called *name*. *name* should be a string. Instances of the following classes can be passed to :func:`add_move`. Neither have any public members. .. class:: MovedModule(name, old_mod, new_mod) Create a mapping for :mod:`six.moves` called *name* that references different modules in Python 2 and 3. *old_mod* is the name of the Python 2 module. *new_mod* is the name of the Python 3 module. .. class:: MovedAttribute(name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None) Create a mapping for :mod:`six.moves` called *name* that references different attributes in Python 2 and 3. *old_mod* is the name of the Python 2 module. *new_mod* is the name of the Python 3 module. If *new_attr* is not given, it defaults to *old_attr*. If neither is given, they both default to *name*.
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